There is a difference between living longer and living many years feeling and looking more youthful and free from chronic illnesses. Genetics of healthy aging and longevity | SpringerLink However, a non-heteroplasmic variant associated with longevity and healthy aging was identified but a particular and unique heteroplasmy profile for each family was drawn. Living longer and living more years looking and feeling youthful and disease-free are not one and the same. Moreover, IHD in women may show different symptoms and pain localization, and may need diverse diagnostic procedures and drugs [18]. These mechanisms can result in reduced repair and increasing incidence of chronic diseases of aging but with decreased cancer risks, or vice versa. Bondanelli M., Ambrosio M.R., Margutti A., Franceschetti P., Zatelli M.C., degli Uberti E.C. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies What is the difference between aging and getting old? Increased levels of survival are linked to the long process of epidemiologic transition that saw a radical transformation of mortality in its gender, age and cause profiles [131,132]. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: Prediction, plasticity, and programming. HF (heart failure) is one of the major health threats of Western societies and affects up to 10% of the elderly, in absolute numbers more women than men [19]. Owing to their longer life expectancy and the tendency to marry older men, women are more likely to become widows. Accessibility Regitz-Zagrosek V. Sex and gender differences in health. Nat Rev Genet. Our chronological age is based on our birthdate, but biological age means the true age that our cells, tissues, and organ systems appear to be, based on biochemistry. and transmitted securely. In particular, women develop more frequently concentric cardiac hypertrophy with smaller internal cavity and relatively larger wall thickness, preserving a better ejection fraction and myocardial contractility than men. Longevity is an important component of well-being, possibly as important as income . The random nature of aging suggests that chance plays a significant part in determining the physiological system or systems that experience declining function in the older population. Although our life expectancies are getting longer, people are also spending more years with age-related chronic diseases. However, increasing interest has been paid to trials on the effects of IF (intermittent fasting) or adjusted rhythm of feeding on women's health. The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines. On the other hand, men show more frequently eccentric hypertrophy leading to an increased stroke volume and dilatation [17]. Longevity is the length of the life span independent of the biological aging process. Aging - Life Span, Homeothermy, and Genetics | Britannica Aging is not a product of evolution and reflects stochastic and/or random events that most likely begin during the early, reproductively-active years. Through ageing, and beyond: gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians. Sex differences in adult lifespan and aging rates of mortality across While aging in C. elegans and Drosophila have been extensively studied, sex differences in longevity have not been thoroughly investigated. Over nearly 80 years, Harvard study has been showing how to live a government site. X chromosome regulation: diverse patterns in development, tissues and disease. Most of them have survived, escaped or delayed the onset of major age-related diseases [124126]. Vrachnis N., Zygouris D., Iliodromiti Z., Daniilidis A., Valsamakis G., Kalantaridou S. Probing the impact of sex steroids and menopause-related sex steroid deprivation on modulation of immune senescence. In addition, most of the known super centenarians (i.e., humans who lived for > 110 years) are women. While life expectancy after the age of 70 continues to increase, so too do the number of individuals living with age-related chronic conditions that affect daily activities. Dahlberg L., Andersson L., McKee K.J., Lennartsson C. Predictors of loneliness among older women and men in Sweden: a national longitudinal study. As such, the principle of genetic determinism provides an appropriate underlying theory for research designs evaluating nutritional factors involved with life span. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. Data from primary culture of fibroblasts from long-living individuals, including female centenarians, indicate that longevity is characterized by a preserved bioenergetics function probably attained by a successful mitochondria remodelling that can compensate for functional defects through an increase in mass, i.e. This lifelong perspective of aging and age-related diseases let emerge the importance of going beyond sex and to consider gender. Hao S., Zhao J., Zhou J., Zhao S., Hu Y., Hou Y. Modulation of 17-estradiol on the number and cytotoxicity of NK cells. Estrogen regulation of growth hormone action. They got more than they wanted. The net impact of damage depends on the activity of repair and response mechanisms. Now, just because these two concepts are different doesn't mean they are not intertwined. Aging vs Longevity - What's the difference? | WikiDiff Pringsheim T., Jette N., Frolkis A., Steeves T.D.L. Data refer to all races and all ages. DR (dietary restriction) without malnutrition, intended as a reduced intake of all dietary constituents except vitamins and minerals, is a well-known intervention to improve most aspects of health during aging and to extend lifespan in model organisms from invertebrates and rodents to primates, including humans [101]. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and subhaplogroups are associated with Parkinson's disease risk in a Polish PD cohort. Throughout the 20th Century, mortality became concentrated in the older ages, non-communicable diseases became the prevailing causes of death, and a female survival advantage emerged and grew. Gerontology, the study of the aging process, is . While more research will be necessary, the inability to establish age-specific recommendations also reflects results from research designs that have based their hypotheses on outdated theory. Achilli A., Olivieri A., Pala M., Hooshiar Kashani B., Carossa V., Perego U.A., Gandini F., Santoro A., Battaglia V., Grugni V., et al. In the EU-28 countries, the difference in life expectancy between males and females was 5.5years in 2013 (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Mortality_and_life_expectancy_statistics); however, the gender gap varied largely across EU member states. Gabelli C., Codemo A. Both fecundity at an older age and a high age at menopause have been associated with longevity [83]. The CDRI recognizes the problem of random variation in the aging population when stating that research investigating dietary recommendations for the older population is confounded by increased error (random variation) in the data [4]. Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. Gomez A., Luckey D., Taneja V. The gut microbiome in autoimmunity: sex matters. aging, progressive physiological changes in an organism that lead to senescence, or a decline of biological functions and of the organism's ability to adapt to metabolic stress. aging . Ragonese P., D'Amelio M., Salemi G., Aridon P., Gammino M., Epifanio A., Morgante L., Savettieri G. Risk of Parkinson disease in women: effect of reproductive characteristics. Has the microbiota played a critical role in the evolution of the adaptive immune system? Androgens polarize nave CD4+ T-cellstowardstheTh1subset and activate CD8+ T-cells; conversely, oestrogens stimulate Th2 responses and activate antibody production [74]. 2020 Feb;21(2):88-101. doi: Olshansky, SJ. Even if T2D prevalence is similar in men and women, it is slightly higher in men under 60years of age and in women at older ages. Therefore men and women have a diverse chance to attain longevity and, at the same time, the aging process is qualitatively different between genders. Vina J., Borras C., Gambini J., Sastre J., Pallardo F.V. Healthy aging and longevity in humans are modulated by a lucky combination of genetic and non-genetic factors. Kramer P.R., Kramer S.F., Guan G. 17-Estradiol regulates cytokine release through modulation of CD16 expression in monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. ObjectiveTo compare the sex differences in cognitive function and its influencing factors among Chinese older adults.MethodWe conducted a cross-sectional study by using data from the China Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Bdard A., Corneau L., Lamarche B., Dodin S., Lemieux S. Sex differences in the impact of the Mediterranean diet on LDL particle size distribution and oxidation. Aging Like Struldbruggs, Dorian Gray or Peter Pan. Johnson V.L., Hunter D.J. Altamirano F., Oyarce C., Silva P., Toyos M., Wilson C., Lavandero S., Uhln P., Estrada M. Testosterone induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway. Post-menopausal women exhibit a reduced number of total lymphocytes, mainly B- and CD4+ T-lymphocytes [94] and an altered expression of inflammatory mediators such as an increased plasma level of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF- [9598]. Gaweda-Walerych K., Maruszak A., Safranow K., Bialecka M., Klodowska-Duda G., Czyzewski K., Slawek J., Rudzinska M., Styczynska M., Opala G., et al. Strong evidence has suggested that the early composition of the microbiota of newborns plays an important role for the postnatal development and functionality of the immune system [155]. Rapamycin-mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction. Three traits have independent correlations with life span: brain weight, body weight, and resting metabolic rate. Women are particularly susceptible to the deleterious impact of T2D (Type 2 diabetes) and hypertension on cardiovascular health. The final conclusion was that particular rare mtDNA mutations present only in specific populations might be beneficial (or detrimental) for longevity and may explain part of the genetic component of longevity in that population, similarly to what has been suggested for private nuclear DNA polymorphisms [148]. Alternatively, damaged cells can enter senescent states and produce a secretory senescence phenotype (SASP), resulting in inflammation and reduced repair that contributes to degenerative diseases. Bucci L., Ostan R., Cevenini E., Pini E., Scurti M., Vitale G., Mari D., Caruso C., Sansoni P., Fanelli F., et al. Mitochondria are also the main producers of ROS (reactive oxygen species), the most important by-products of OXPHOS (oxidative phosphorylation), which, besides their physiological role in cell signalling, have been suggested to play a role in the aging process as well as in age-related diseases. Also, most are women. Moreover, lipid profile [HDL- (high-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol as well as triacylglycerols] dramatically worsens after the menopause favouring atherogenesis [32]. Moreover, old women lose their immunological privilege towards infection [69] because the rapid reduction of oestrogen levels results in an increased susceptibility and mortality towards a series of infectious diseases (hepatitis, and meningococcal and pneumococcal infections) [69,79]. At its very basic level, survival to reproduction age simply reflects the selection of genes that maintain free energy states conducive to life. The co-occurrence of mtDNA mutations on different oxidative phosphorylation subunits, not detected by haplogroup analysis, affects human longevity and is population specific. Distinguishing human biological aging from longevity can be difficult because the rate of aging may affect the length of the lifespan. FOIA Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Email: Received 2011 Jan 16; Revised 2011 Feb 7; Accepted 2011 Feb 25. Differences in fecal microbiota in different European study populations in relation to age, gender, and country: a cross-sectional study. Selection in populations with overlapping generations. FOIA The heritability of age at death in adulthood is approximately 25 %. For example, a population's life expectancy at birth is the same as the average age at death for all people born in the same year (in the case of cohorts ). The current centenarians emerge from these cohorts and show geographical differences in the female/male ratio (F/M), which is higher in the North-West and North-East areas (around 7:1 and 6:1 respectively), intermediate in the Centre (around 5:1) and lower in the South and Islands (around 4:1), according to the most recent ISTAT and census data. In conclusion, the scientific world is obliged to revise all outcomes in all fields of medicine on the basis of gender differences. While life expectancy is getting longer with advancements in the medical and lifestyle fields, most people also spend more years battling age-related chronic illnesses. McDonald RB, Ruhe RC. Failure to consider these differences may also lead to difficulty in precisely defining aging or longevity, a prerequisite to efficient experimental designs. McDonald RB, Ruhe RC. In particular, death rates for IHD (ischaemic heart disease) and stroke are higher for men than for women [10]. As such, the principle of genetic determinism provides an appropriate underlying theory for research designs evaluating nutritional factors involved with life span. Cull C.A., Neil H.A., Holman R.R. Menopause affects various women's health aspects, including bone density, breast cellular composition, cardiovascular health, mood/cognitive function and sexual wellbeing. For instance, females produce more vigorous cellular and humoral immune reactions and are more resistant to certain infections. I. Ageing and health - World Health Organization (WHO) Vaccines for the elderly. Longevity and healthy aging are among the most complex phenotypes studied to date. Accessibility Austad S.N. Hirokawa K., Utsuyama M., Hayashi Y., Kitagawa M., Makinodan T., Fulop T. Slower immune system aging in women versus men in the Japanese population. The search for genetic and molecular basis of aging has led to the identification of genes correlated with the maintenance of . Indeed, men and women differ not only biologically (biology, physiology and genetics), but also regarding lifestyle and habits (smoking, nutrition, physical activity, typeof work and education, among others) as well as regarding the capability of coping with stress (spousal bereavement, serving as care-givers to family members). The Rancho Bernardo Study. The epidemiology of osteoarthritis. The results indicate that a low level of heteroplasmies are transmitted and maintained within families until extreme age. Aging and longevity: why knowing the difference is important to Van Oyen H., Nusselder W., Jagger C., Kolip P., Cambois E., Robine J.M. The maximum difference in life expectancy between males and females was found between the 1970s and the 1990s. Some authors suggested that age-associated XCI skewing could be involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases such as autoimmunity and cancer [144]. According to data of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (http://demo.istat.it/), the number of centenarians has reached 19095 (i.e. These results highlight a possible detrimental link between the rate of XCI skewing and healthy aging/longevity, fitting the hypothesis that the balanced female mosaic is a winning strategy, sustaining a co-operative adaptive mechanism with possible biological advantages, whereas a skewed situation in favour of one of the two X chromosomes would represent an unfavourable condition to attain health and longevity. The biological basis of gender impact on AD and neurodegeneration are still unclear. During aging, a marked deviation from the equivalent ratio (50:50) between maternal and paternal X chromosome inactivation occurs (skewing of XCI) in blood cells and the concordance of XCI among tissues may weaken with age. Topical estrogen accelerates cutaneous wound healing in aged humans associated with an altered inflammatory response. Indeed, mortality rates at older ages showed a linear downward trend between 1950 and 2012 [128]. Luckinbill L.S., Arking R., Clare M.J., Cirocco W.C., Buck S.A. Afterwards, the evolution of life expectancy, while being dramatically marked by a sharp drop during the two World Wars, showed a differentiation between males and females that reached a maximum of 6.75years in 1979 and 1980. Difference between Chronological and Biological Age: Reverse Your Aging Aging takes place in a cell, an organ, or the total organism with the passage of time. Nat Aging 2021. Most research in this area has focused on the relationship between fetal/maternal nutrition and adult-onset obesity. Decreased epigenetic age of PBMCs from Italian semi-supercentenarians and their offspring. There is genetic evidence for the importance of several damage pathways in humans. Evidence for an interaction between apolipoprotein E genotype, gender, and Alzheimer disease. Schiebinger L. Scientific research must take gender into account. In addition, T2D worsens the coronary artery disease outcome more in women than in men [23]. Hamiltons mathematics agreed with Medawars verbal speculation that genes did indeed affect events leading to either aging and/or longevity. However, research in this area has seen limited success in identifying nutrition-related mechanisms that underlie the functional loss and chronic conditions that occur as a function of time. Centenarians, mainly females, present markers of inflammation [e.g. Rapporto Sulla Popolazione. Longevity Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com Organisms that use the finite resources most efficiently will be the ones to successfully survive to reproduction age. The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women. The CDRI attributes the lack of age-specific recommendations to insufficient research. The site is secure. Solana R., Tarazona R., Gayoso I., Lesur O., Dupuis G., Fulop T. Innate immunosenescence: effect of aging on cells and receptors of the innate immune system in humans. Even in the EU, a significant gender gap exists in mortality rates in all countries. Aging clocks refer to linear or nonlinear models trained on omics data to predict age and aging rate, which, measured by the difference between chronological and predicted age (AgeDiff), can be used to quantify aging at different levels (). Those with metrics indicating optimal immune resilience generally had better health outcomes and lived longer than those who had lower scores on the immunity grading scale. That is, he used the terms aging and longevity interchangeably even though his theoretical models focused exclusively on longevity. Mathematical models and empirical experimentation have unequivocally established that longevity evolved from genes selected for their impact on survival to the age of reproduction. Salminen A., Ojala J., Kaarniranta K., Kauppinen A. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress activate inflammasomes: impact on the aging process and age-related diseases. The sudden loss of ovarian oestrogen and progesterone production that characterizes menopause, induces pathophysiological changes in different organs and systems [81]. Testosterone increases IL-10 production, and men with androgen deficiencies have higher levels of IL-1, IL-2 and TNF-, higher antibody titres and higher CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios [75]. Evolution of ageing since Darwin. Celine Halioua, founder and CEO of the startup Loyal, talks about her quest to find drugs to extend lifespanfirst for pups and one day for people. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: APOE-by-sex interactions on brain structure and metabolism in healthy elderly controls. Gender differences in cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Thus there is an urgent need to consider the role of gender background in the GM ecology and its relationship with autoimmunity disease onset and therapy effects. Dog breeds differ in pain sensitivity, but these differences don't always match up with the beliefs people -- including veterinarians -- hold about breed-specific pain sensitivity. Evolving Demographics of Aging. In some EU countries (i.e. From basic to clinical sciences, there is a mandatory need for studies where gender is appropriately and fully considered.
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