Courtesy of the New-York Historical Society. And, as Bonomi also shows, accusations of unacceptable sexual appetites or activity were already a favored mode of attack. [73], No confirmed contemporary portraits of Cornbury exist. Typical of provincial British portraiture of the early eighteenth century, this rather curious portrait of a woman had long been identified as a likeness of Edward Hyde, who carried the title Viscount Cornbury and was appointed Governor of the Province of New York and New Jersey by his cousin, Queen Anne, in 1702. Description 18th-century portrait painting of women, with Not identified, Unspecified, Unmentioned, UnknownUnknown or AnonymousUnknown authorartist, and The decision has been hailed as a landmark for American religious freedom. The first street in New York was paved, with sidewalks install in 1648 by Anneke Lockermans Van Cortland, when the city was still New Amsterdam. His father despaired at hearing his son was a rebel, but would eventually help negotiate between James and William. 6 (London: The British Museum, 1938), no. "Portrait of an Unidentified Woman," unidentified artist, c. 1710. There is no evidence about the identity of the sitter, though. His Holiness Pope John XXIII granted a Marian Year, beginning October 12, 1961, in honor of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the occasion being the He employed always the most fashionable milliner, shoemaker, stay maker, etc. Matthews, Brander; John Pine; Harry Peck; Munroe Smith (1904). 15 (Yale University Press, 1972), p. 8. | REVIEWS | 339 The Lord Cornbury Scandal: The Politics of Reputation in British America. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 100 years or fewer. Not the current King's College of New York, which was founded in 1938. WebPainted to celebrate the marriage of Lord Cornbury the eldest son of Lelys most important patron, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (16091674), Chief Minister to English: An alleged portrait of Edward Hyde, 3rd earl of Clarendon, better known as Lord Cornbury wearing a dress. International | Entry by Jay Shockley, project director (May 2019). Art Projects Gallery. Recent scholarship has both removed some of the blemishes added to Cornbury's gubernatorial abilities by nineteenth century detractors, and reclaimed the likeness as female. [17][18][19][20] In August 1703,[citation needed] the newly formed Province of New Jersey was added to Cornbury's responsibilities by Queen Anne.[21]. WebBrowse 9 LORD CORNBURY photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more photos and images. Bonomi 1998, p. 186: "Cornbury's political enemies being content to merely assassinate his character". The New York Assembly refused to reimburse the sum, which only added to Cornbury's debt burden. 82-85: The Assembly's subsequent inquiry discovered that tax collectors only raised 398 of the total. Archives | of Clarendon in Women's cloaths.'' Suggest a site, share information, and send us your photographs. Bonomi 1998, p.141: "That a royal governor could have publicly displayed himself in women's clothes, as Cornbury is alleged to have done, and escaped severe censure seems doubtful". Only three months after Edward's birth, in March 1662, his mother Theodosia died of smallpox. Sheyann Webb - Wikipedia [citation needed], During this period Cornbury found himself at odds with the Lewis Morris (16711746), then a member of the New Jersey Provincial Council and eventual rival of Cornbury. It comes as close as any historian can to showing that whoever the sitter may have been, it was probably not Cornbury. Virtually every reference written about Lord Cornbury has described him in disparaging terms. WebGallery label Typical of provincial British portraiture of the early eighteenth century, this rather curious portrait of a woman had long been identified as a likeness of Edward Hyde, who carried the title Viscount Cornbury and was appointed Governor of the Province of New York and New Jersey by his cousin, Queen Anne, in 1702.Serving as Governor until WebBonomi's work focuses on Edward Hyde (Lord Cornbury), the royal governor of New York and New Jersey from 1702-1708, and persuasively argues that by putting political barbs in their historical context, Lord Cornbury's vilified reputation can be explained away. [24] Fears of attack from the sea were realised on 26 July 1706, when the French 16-gun brig Queen Anne suddenly appeared off Sandy Hook at the harbour entrance. B. D. Henning, (1983) and 16901715, ed. Most Scots vehemently disapproved of the change, Presbyterians in particular. Real Estate | The Lord Cornbury Scandal - QUEST: Queer UnitEd States Cornbury, like other royal governors, gained his appointment nominally from the King or Queen, but actually from the ministry that enjoyed power at the time. Books | A transvestite royal governor? What is perhaps more puzzling, sexual reputation seems to have been a constant ingredient of political reputation and thus of the power to govern. His most recent book is The Genuine Article: A Historian Looks at Early America. As an Anglican, Hyde became one of the first army officers to desert James II, integrating himself with the victorious William and Mary. Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford (16611724) was Queen Anne's Lord High Treasurer (17111714). Now, a New York University professor, Patricia U. Bonomi, has ignited a trans-Atlantic tempest by challenging the traditional view: that the portrait depicts He was accused by his political enemies of being a cross-dresser, a moral profligate, and wildly corrupt. He lived up to expectations by cementing relations with the Iroquois and fortifying New York Harbor. Lady Cornbury died at the age of 43 in New York on 11 August 1706 and was buried at Trinity Church, New York. See Reynolds (1906) page 157 for the previous governor's (Earl of Bellomont) report of the conditions at Albany in 1700. The fact that the rumor made no headway in England is telling, Bonomi writes, ''especially considering what a morsel the transvestism Bonomi is doubtless right in stressing the free play given to the politics of reputation in the absence of developed parties, but there is something all too familiar in her depiction of defamation as a political tool. [citation needed] Henry and Theodosia gave birth to Edward eleven months into their marriage. In 1698, William agreed to pay 10 a week to Cornbury, easing his financial burdens. His political enemies considered him half-witted, a drunken fool, a tyrant, an embezzler, and unfit as governor. [2], At age 13, Edward matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on 23 January 1675. McCaughey, Robert (2003). Charles II probably enjoyed as much power as any English monarch ever has, and the opposition to him was accordingly expressed in satirical accounts of his excessive sexual prowess or lack of it. His great insanity was dressing himself as a woman. Original file (655 836 pixels, file size: 875 KB, MIME type: image/png). Hyde is also said to have held his state levees at New York, and received his visitors dressed up in complete female court costume, because he represented the person of a female Sovereign, his cousin Queen Anne. The prolific artist knows that contemporary Blackness, made and unmade on the stage of capitalism, is as much defined by its spiritual reckonings as it is by the elemental stuff. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The Lord Cornbury Scandal: The Politics of Reputation in British America, In 1952 the New-York Historical Society purchased at auction a full-figure portrait, identified as Lord Cornbury, royal governor of New York and New Jersey from 1702 to 1708. . [52] Cornbury was apparently not linked to Robert Harley (1st Earl of Oxford)'s South Seas Bubble, which caused the ruin and bankruptcy of many aristocrats and office holders in 17201721. Edward Hyde, Viscount Cornbury (16611723), could very well have been known as the pre-founder of King's College. This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. 1, p. 39. [28] However, blame was quickly shifted to Governor Cornbury, with accusations of embezzlement. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. Popular legend had it that the Governor discredited his office by publicly appearing in women's attire, strolling Broadway - even opening the Assembly - in his wife's clothes. London, England: Macmillan Company. His solution was the formation of a joint-stock company, the, Bonomi 1998 p. 3: "Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, is notorious in the historical literature as a moral profligate, sunk in corruption, and perhaps the worst governor Britain ever imposed on an American colony. a man whose reputation as a cross-dresser owes more to the vitriol of his Whiggish political enemies than to any evidence that he was other than an aggressive imperialist and devout Anglican. WebTHE ECCENTRIC CORNBURYS. [68] Specific accusations included: Such complaints were common then. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, The official position taken by the Wikimedia Foundation is that ", Portrait of an Unidentified Woman, traditionally assumed to be Lord Cornbury.png. His nephew, James Fitzroy, the Duke of Monmouth, was illegitimate but a Protestant. Sports | Wendy Carlos Residence & Production Studio. oil on canvas, in a Sunderland frame. Wilson 1892, p. 100: The welcoming banquet cost 46 7s. University of North Carolina Press, 290 pp., $29.95. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. The label country at this time, Bonomi points out, was little more than a vast, vague umbrella for any kind of gross political attack. The politics of reputation was a politics of scandal and vituperation. [46][47] As a result, the ex-governor was still in town to welcome his successor, John Lovelace, Baron of Hurley (who arrived on 18 December 1708). He struggled to get by from 1690 through 1698. Or a story to share? 5556. WebMary, the Patron of America. [2] This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, The official position taken by the Wikimedia Foundation is that ", Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/, https://www.nyhistory.org/exhibit/portrait-unidentified-woman-2. Credit: Amanda Davis/NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project, 2019. Between 1707 and 1709 three American colonists wrote four [3], After graduation, Lord Cornbury joined the elite Royal Regiment of Dragoons under the command of John Churchill, the future Duke of Marlborough. This project is enriched by your participation! Many similar cartoons from the election of 1784 are listed and described in this volume. Governor Cornbury was recalled from the colonies but was soon after installed as a member of Queen Anne's privy council. File:Portrait of an Unidentified Woman, traditionally [62] Bonomi further states that the contemporary descriptions of Cornbury do not comport with his being a transvestite, either homosexual or heterosexual, but that the sporadic nature of his alleged cross-dressing would place him at the more heterosexual end of the "broad middle category of transvestites", especially because the "evidence regarding Cornbury's personal life is devoid of any of the traits of transgenderism or transexualism that occupy the rest of this category." This file has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. $19.95 (paper). Jonathan Ned Katz, Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1976), 570. Technology | Roosevelt.[66]. The French ship sailed away without attacking, and the approaching fleet turned out to be 10 ships that had been captured from the French. Lord Cornbury James II was the legitimate heir, but he was a staunch Catholic. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Edmund S. Morgan is Sterling Professor of History Emeritus at Yale. They state that hundreds of people did see what they describe as fact, but no one of the hundreds ever mentioned it, let alone censured it, in surviving letters or papers. Yet historians have painted an unkind picture of this cousin of Queen Anne. He was eventually removed from office. This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published (or registered with the U.S. A small skirmish was fought at Sherborne on 20 November, but shortly thereafter Lord Cornbury defected to William's side, bringing many of his dragoons with him. Page One Plus | Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. The painting has nailed down Cornburys reputation and established him as the very model of the dissolute, corrupt aristocrat that England sent to govern her long-suffering colonists. But that people do think so and have long thought so is indisputable. However the sitter's identity, like that of the artist who captured her straightforward gaze without softening her features for the sake of a beautiful picture, remains a mystery. Economists Love Immigration. His administration successfully prevented French incursions into the middle colonies. [59], The only modern biography that focuses solely on Hyde was written by New York University professor Patricia Bonomi in 1998 and takes a more nuanced view of Cornbury. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong. He earnt the role of Master of the Horse to the King of Denmark in 1685. , William B. Willcox, editor, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, Vol. , Mary Dorothy George, Catalogue of Personal and Political Satires Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum, Vol. When Governor in America he opened the Assembly dressed in that fashion. A. G. Sulzberger on whyin this age of deep political divideshe went public in defense of traditional journalistic values. He was born a commoner but became an important advisor to King Charles I (after 1641) and to Charles II (after 1651). News about upcoming issues, contributors, special events, online features, and more. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents, Portrait of an Unidentified Woman, traditionally assumed to be, medium QS:P186,Q296955;P186,Q12321255,P518,Q861259. The painter and date are unknown, and the attribution was first made long after Cornburys death by people who never knew him. Lord Cornbury eloped with Katherine O'Brien, the 8th Baroness Clifton on 10 July 1685. WebPortrait commonly supposed to be Lord Cornbury, unconfirmed. of Arthur Capel, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham. Diversions | Bonomi set about finding out whether he or she could be established as Cornbury. This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 02:38. [49] After a series of acting governors, General Robert Hunter arrived in 1710 to fill the post permanently. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 100 years or fewer. Our political roundtable looks at the Supreme Courts conservative tilt as another term concludes, this one marked by ethics scandals and landmark rulings. [56], Hyde has maintained a scandalous reputation for much of history, known for being highly corrupt and being an easy caricature of the wrongs and incompetence that American colonists perceived came as a result of being under British colonial rule. He was sent back to England in 1708. However the sitter's identity, like that of the artist who captured her straightforward gaze without softening her features for the sake of a beautiful picture, remains a mystery. Although documents lead to evidence of Cornbury's support of the college, his involvement with the college's founding has been ignored because of his damaged reputation over the years. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. Henceforth no serious historian is likely to contend that it was. Francis Makemie: A. Bonomi 1998, p. 70. [38] The site was earmarked for a new college, which was finally founded in 1754 as King's College. Hyde assumed the governorship amidst Queen Anne's War, which threatened the colonies. By Herbert Asbury. These 20 Artists Are Shaping the Future of Ceramics Best of The New York Review, plus books, events, and other items of interest. US$3,480. (655 836 pixels, file size: 875 KB, MIME type: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/, https://www.nyhistory.org/exhibit/portrait-unidentified-woman-2. Nor did it prevent Queen Anne from appointing him to high government office as a member of her privy council after his return to England. Whether the charge played a part in his recall is not apparent, but it did not surface in his dispute with the New Jersey representative assembly that produced the assemblys demand for his ouster. In the collection of the New-York Historical Society is an early 18th century painting now identified as Portrait of an Unidentified Woman. This portrait was long thought by some historians to be Lord Cornbury dressed in womens clothing, or painted as a satire on him, though this is now in dispute as well. The nobility thus lost for a time its accustomed exemption from the sexual propriety expected of the rest of the population. Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury (1661-1723), was a cousin of Queen Anne of Great Britain, who appointed him Governor of the Province of New York and New Jersey from 1702 to 1708. If the accusations of Cornburys flaunting himself in female costume before hundreds of spectators were true, it would be strange if there had not been a public notice and denunciation of it, for the charges were made at a time when cross-dressing had become as never before in English society a badge of homosexuality, and homosexuality was more and more under censure. [10] Four days later on 24 November Cornbury's mentor, Lord Churchill, also switched sides. The satirical poems that endowed Charles II with a superhuman lust found most of their readers after Charles was in his grave and the Revolution of 1688 had swept away Englands ancien rgime. However, he became mired in the region's many factional conflicts and accrued powerful political enemies such as Lewis Morris, who would go on to become Governor of New Jersey in 1738. When Charles James Fox, already a force in the House of Commons, stood for reelection in 1784, it was not enough to portray him as singing and drinking with forty half-naked whores; his supporter, the Duchess of Devonshire, had to be shown squeezing and fingering the butchers of Westminster to buy their votes.6 One could go on with examples in many times and places, from Thomas Jeffersons alleged affair with Sally Hemings to Bill Clintons alleged pursuit of Paula Jones and Monica Lewinsky. Colonists continued to beg for Cornbury's intervention in local affairs for at least another decade. New York Today, Copyright 1998 The New York Times Company. Photo by Glenn Castellano. [63], Bonomi concludes that Lord Cornbury's crossdressing was invented by his political enemies[pageneeded] to "assassinate" his character. Site Search | [6] He continued to distinguish himself, and was a member of parliament for Wiltshire until 1695, and for Christchurch from 1695 until 1701. [citation needed], In December 1708, he was put under house arrest by the sheriff of New York City for outstanding debts. The same year Charles II regained the throne, Clarendon's daughter, Anne Hyde (16371671), married the new king's younger brother & heir, James, Duke of York. [31], Cornbury's most notorious religious scandal involved Reverend Francis Makemie (16581708), the "Father of American Presbyterianism". , History of the Westminster Election (London, 1784), p. 277. An uncaptioned 18th-century portrait that hangs in the New-York Historical Society has been commonly believed to be Governor Cornbury wearing a dress. While passing through New York in January 1707, Reverend Makemie led a worship service in a private home. See also, Booth 1859, pp. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, The official position taken by the Wikimedia Foundation is that ", Portrait of an Unidentified Woman, traditionally assumed to be Lord Cornbury.jpg. Serving as Governor until 1708, Lord Cornbury was reported to have been "universally detested," and a fondness for cross-dressing accompanied his reputation as "half-witted." Invasion by sea was the other threat to New York. In these circumstances, if Cornbury had actually defied his royal cousins standards as blatantly as he was said to have done, his enemies should have made much more of it than they did. (7,428 8,797 pixels, file size: 41.21 MB, MIME type: Portrait of a Lady, Possibly Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury in a Dress, https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/, similar portrait that hangs in the New York Historical Society, https://collections.dma.org/artwork/4278319. [45][failed verification] The cabinet believed that he had been too passive militarily. 276278, Bonomi 1998, p. 83:The plan was to repair and fortify blockhouses originally built by the Dutch One on Signal Hill on, Booth 1859, p. 281: Peartree had been appointed mayor because of his former experience as a privateer, Bonomi 1998, pp. He is interred in the Henry VII chapel in Westminster Abbey, in the Hyde family crypt. Bonomi, Patricia (Jan 1994) U. Cornbury [13], William died before Cornbury become governor, and the crown went to Queen Mary II's younger sister, Anne. Among the hundreds of thousands of acres he gave away was one tract of land south of Albany, known as the Hardenbergh tract, which was then larger than the entire colony of Connecticut. 125-153. Professor Bonomi suggested that the subject was not Cornbury. As a noble, he could not simply get a job, he would need to find income through royal or political means. [4] As a reward for his service, Cornbury was given a seat in the Loyal Parliament of 1685. Marketplace, Quick News | These actions were part of the beginning of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. ", Ross 1988, p. 3: Ross calls Cornbury a "thief, a bigot, a grafter, a drunk, and, strange as it was, a transvestite. Meanwhile, Clarendon's eldest son, Henry, married into the Capells of Hadham, one of the richest families in England. Editorial | (June 2011), Richard Davenport-Hines, Sex, Death and Punishment: Attitudes to Sex and Sexuality in Britain Since the Renaissance (London: Collins, 1990), p. 74. All structured data from the file namespace is available under the. In a model of historical investigation Bonomi examines all the charges and the contexts in which they were made. document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 1963-2023 NYREV, Inc. All rights reserved. D. Hayton, E. Cruickshanks, S. Handley, 2002 (Found at. By Patricia U. Bonomi (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1998) 290 pp. Original file (655 836 pixels, file size: 875 KB, MIME type: image/png). Cornbury was not merely a vicious character, attested by his cross-dressing (pace Mayor Rudolph Giuliani), but a man of broken fortune, an embarrassment to the royal family, who rescued him from bankruptcy by sending him to the colonies, where his efforts to make money as fast as he could resulted in public charges of bribery and peculation and successful demands for his recall. For the Oxfordshire estate, see, Toggle Governor of New York and New Jersey subsection, See Wiltshire County section of The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 16601690, ed. From his arrival in August 1714 until the Queen's death in November, Cornbury dined and spent his evenings with the royal family. Cornbury indeed seems to fit the picture, fits it a little too well. Popular legend had it that the Governor discredited his office by publicly appearing in women's attire, strolling Broadway - even opening the Assembly - in his wife's clothes. Another tract was given to a group of nine friends that included his secretary. Regardless of the identity of the person in this curious portrait (who appears to have a five-oclock shadow), the claims against Cornbury represent an historically early discussion of gender cross-dressing. Lord Cornbury's conduct as governor has been generally remembered as scandalous. To revisit this article, select My Account, thenView saved stories, To revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. This page was last edited on 25 July 2022, at 07:20. The grant, which included part of the Great Nine Partners Patent, was probably illegal and was made by Hyde for cash. A History of Columbia University: 17541904. The rebellion originated on 18 June 1688, when prominent English nobles (the "Immortal Seven") sent a letter to William III of Orange requesting his intervention in English politics on the Protestant side. The painting in the New-York Historical Society is still labeled as Edward Hyde (Viscount Cornbury) (1661-1723), but the label now adds that recent research on the painting has called the identity of the sitter into question. Bonomis research has done more than that. [5], Cornbury played a crucial role in the Glorious Rebellion, becoming the first English officer to defect to the invading William III of Orange. The purported portrait of Lord Cornbury (1661-1723) dressed as a woman. THE ECCENTRIC CORNBURYS | The New Yorker Forums | Bonomi 1998, pp 38-39; see also Stone 1892, pp. In response, William arrived in Brixham, in southwest England on 5 November with over 450 ships, 15,00018,000 men, and 3,660 cavalry. Lord Cornbury, we now see, was probably not a transvestite. 1640-1662), he matriculated at Oxford January 23 , 1674/5 and entered the Royal Regiment of Dragoons, became a Tory Member of Parliament for Wiltshire from 1685-1687 and 1689-96 and for Christchurch 1695-1701. All structured data from the file namespace is available under the. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents, medium QS:P186,Q296955;P186,Q12321255,P518,Q861259. This file has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. If that wasn't enough, he insisted that all attending the banquet touch Lady Cornbury's ears and see for themselves.". (Acts 5:29). Cornbury was the grandson of Edward Hyde, first Earl of Clarendon (Cornbury inherited the title in 1709), which made both Queen Mary and Queen Anne his cousins, but there are no Pakingtons in his family tree. [58] Ross wrote that Cornbury's alleged misconduct helped to start the American Revolution, and that framers of the constitution had Lord Cornbury in mind when they wrote the articles of impeachment. File : Portrait of a Lady, Possibly Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury in a
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