Corrections? [432], Other possible sculpted depictions of Cleopatra include one in the British Museum, London, made of limestone, which perhaps only depicts a woman in her entourage during her trip to Rome. [189][190] Antony attempted to place a royal diadem on Caesar's head, but the latter refused in what was most likely a staged performance, perhaps to gauge the Roman public's mood about accepting Hellenistic-style kingship. [473] Its popularity led to the perception that the 1885 painting by Lawrence Alma-Tadema depicted the meeting of Antony and Cleopatra on her pleasure barge in Tarsus, although Alma-Tadema revealed in a private letter that it depicts a subsequent meeting of theirs in Alexandria. Cleopatra [131][133][132] Historian Cassius Dio records that she did so without informing her brother, dressed in an attractive manner, and charmed Caesar with her wit. Not only was he an astronomer, but he also studied geography and used what he learned to make detailed maps of the known world. Caesarion [3][425][427][note 70] Francisco Pina Polo writes that Cleopatra's coinage present her image with certainty and asserts that the sculpted portrait of the Berlin head is confirmed as having a similar profile with her hair pulled back into a bun, a diadem, and a hooked nose. Macedonian military leader, general, and ruler Ptolemy I (c. 366283 B.C.E. ) Ptolemy, Latin in full Claudius Ptolemaeus, (born c. 100 cedied c. 170 ce), an Egyptian astronomer, mathematician, and geographer of Greek descent who flourished in Alexandria during the 2nd century ce. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/claudius-ptolemy-3071076. [294][287] Antony and Cleopatra set up their winter headquarters at Patrai in Greece, and by the spring of 31 BC they had moved to Actium, on the southern side of the Ambracian Gulf. [310][308] Cleopatra had no other option but to stay in Egypt and negotiate with Octavian. After the assassination of Caesar and (on her orders) Ptolemy XIV in 44 BC, she named Caesarion co-ruler as Ptolemy XV. WebPtolemy. Ptolemy I Soter [102][103][104] A long-held royal Egyptian practice, it was loathed by contemporary Greeks. Berenice was killed in 55 BC when Ptolemy returned to Egypt with Roman military assistance. [253][220][254] After losing some 30,000 men, more than Crassus at Carrhae (an indignity he had hoped to avenge), Antony finally arrived at Leukokome near Berytus (modern Beirut, Lebanon) in December, engaged in heavy drinking before Cleopatra arrived to provide funds and clothing for his battered troops. [69][72] As a young cavalry officer, Mark Antony was under Gabinius's command. [466] He was followed by William Shakespeare, whose Antony and Cleopatra, largely based on Plutarch, was first performed in 1608 and provided a somewhat salacious view of Cleopatra in stark contrast to England's own Virgin Queen. Caesar now had complete control of Egypt, reinstating Cleopatra VII to the throne, who became co-ruler with her even younger (aged 13) brother, Ptolemy XIV Theos Philopator II. We get a few clues about his background from his name: Claudius Ptolemy. [445][446] The other side of the vase perhaps contains a scene of Octavia, abandoned by her husband Antony but watched over by her brother, the emperor Augustus. His reign began as co-ruler with his sister, the famous Cleopatra VII , following the wishes of their father, Ptolemy XII Auletes. [8] Cleopatra was the name of Alexander the Great's sister, as well as Cleopatra Alcyone, wife of Meleager in Greek mythology. [260][220][255], Dellius was sent as Antony's envoy to Artavasdes II in 34 BC to negotiate a potential marriage alliance that would wed the Armenian king's daughter to Alexander Helios, the son of Antony and Cleopatra. What does Ptolemy mean? [69] Pompey persuaded Aulus Gabinius, the Roman governor of Syria, to invade Egypt and restore Ptolemy XII, offering him 10,000 talents for the proposed mission. Cleopatra Find the names and birth dates of Ptolemy family members, different addresses of residence, family members' [131][134][135] Plutarch provides an entirely different account that alleges she was bound inside a bed sack to be smuggled into the palace to meet Caesar. Ptolemy XII Auletes Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator (The Father-loving God, born 62/61 BCE, died 47 BCE) was pharaoh of Egypt from 51 BCE until his death. The first of his observations that can be dated exactly occurred on March 12, 127. [228][229], In December 40 BC Cleopatra received Herod in Alexandria as an unexpected guest and refugee who fled a turbulent situation in Judea. [438][note 75], A Roman panel painting from Herculaneum, Italy, dated to the 1st century AD possibly depicts Cleopatra. Left: A Roman head of either Cleopatra or her daughter, Cleopatra's kingdom and role as a monarch. [363][430][235][note 48] A possible Parian-marble sculpture of Cleopatra wearing a vulture headdress in Egyptian style is located at the Capitoline Museums. Nationality: Greco-Roman. [145][148][149] The resulting siege of the palace, with Caesar and Cleopatra trapped together inside, lasted into the following year of 47 BC. [46] During her youth Cleopatra presumably studied at the Musaeum, including the Library of Alexandria. [281][284] Intimidated by this act, the consuls and over 200 senators still in support of Antony fled Rome the next day to join the side of Antony. Octavian engaged in a war of propaganda, forced Antony's allies in the Roman Senate to flee Rome in 32 BC, and declared war on Cleopatra. [286][284][272] Although a violation of sacred and legal rights, Octavian forcefully acquired the document from the Temple of Vesta, and it became a useful tool in the propaganda war against Antony and Cleopatra. [198][200] These troops were captured by Cassius in Palestine. [3][187][405] It was erected there by Caesar and remained in the temple at least until the 3rd century AD, its preservation perhaps owing to Caesar's patronage, although Augustus did not remove or destroy artworks in Alexandria depicting Cleopatra. Pompey appealed to Ptolemy for aid, calling upon the good relations between himself and Ptolemy's father, Ptolemy XII, whose claim to the throne he had helped gain official recognition in Rome. [155][156][157] Cleopatra was conspicuously absent from these events and resided in the palace, most likely because she had been pregnant with Caesar's child since September 48 BC. [97], In 50 BC Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, proconsul of Syria, sent his two eldest sons to Egypt, most likely to negotiate with the Gabiniani and recruit them as soldiers in the desperate defense of Syria against the Parthians. [187][185][188] The statue also subtly linked the Egyptian goddess Isis with the Roman religion. "Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator." Claudius Ptolemy [161][129][152][note 41] The exact date at which Cyprus was returned to her control is not known, although she had a governor there by 42 BC. For instance, there was once a large gilded bronze statue of Cleopatra inside the Temple of Venus Genetrix in Rome, the first time that a living person had their statue placed next to that of a deity in a Roman temple. Login . Upon landing in Egypt, Roman general and politician Pompey is murdered on the orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt. [450][452], A large Ptolemaic black basalt statue measuring 104 centimetres (41in) in height, now in the Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, is thought to represent Arsinoe II, wife of Ptolemy II, but recent analysis has indicated that it could depict her descendant Cleopatra due to the three uraei adorning her headdress, an increase from the two used by Arsinoe II to symbolize her rule over Lower and Upper Egypt. Among other topics. [10][11] Cleopatra's adopted title The Philoptra ( ) means "goddess who loves her father". Ptolemy [126][129][128][note 33], Ptolemy XIII arrived at Alexandria at the head of his army, in clear defiance of Caesar's demand that he disband and leave his army before his arrival. [28][32][33] The Romans chose instead to divide the Ptolemaic realm among the illegitimate sons of Ptolemy IX, bestowing Cyprus on Ptolemy of Cyprus and Egypt on Ptolemy XII Auletes. [400][17][401][note 64], Cleopatra was depicted in various ancient works of art, in the Egyptian as well as Hellenistic-Greek and Roman styles. and probably died between 165 and 170 C.E. WebCleopatra III sent her grandsons to Kos in 103 BC. [209][212] Antony was well received by the populace of Alexandria, both for his heroic actions in restoring Ptolemy XII to power and coming to Egypt without an occupation force like Caesar had done. [303], Sophonisba was also a more obscure figure when the painting was made, while Cleopatra's suicide was far more famous. [9] Through the marriage of Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Cleopatra I Syra (a Seleucid princess), the name entered the Ptolemaic dynasty. [95][96] Inheriting her father's debts, Cleopatra also owed the Roman Republic 17.5million drachmas. His reign began as co-ruler with his sister, the famous Cleopatra VII , following the wishes of their father, Ptolemy XII Auletes. [394] In the visual arts, the sculpted depiction of Cleopatra as a free-standing nude figure committing suicide began with the 16th-century sculptors Bartolommeo Bandinelli and Alessandro Vittoria. WebWe do know he was born around 90 A.D. and then died around 168 A.D. His life was seemingly lived mostly in Alexandria, Egypt. [169][170][171], Caesarion, Cleopatra's alleged child with Caesar, was born 23 June 47 BC and was originally named "Pharaoh Caesar", as preserved on a stele at the Serapeum of Saqqara. [250] Octavian, fostering the narrative that Antony was neglecting his virtuous Roman wife Octavia, granted both her and Livia, his own wife, extraordinary privileges of sacrosanctity. Her mother remains controversial, but Cleopatra was known to have referred to Ptolemy Alexander as her grandfather, and therefore Ptolemy XIIs wife, Cleopatra V Tryphaena is the likeliest [198] She decided to write Cassius an excuse that her kingdom faced too many internal problems, while sending the four legions left by Caesar in Egypt to Dolabella. Famous For: Publishing The Amalgest. Alexandria was built by the Ancient Greeks, but later conquered by the Romans. [303], In 1818 a now lost encaustic painting was discovered in the Temple of Serapis at Hadrian's Villa, near Tivoli, Lazio, Italy, that depicted Cleopatra committing suicide with an asp biting her bare chest. He lived in Alexandria, in Egypt. [277] Pliny the Elder claims in his Natural History that Cleopatra once dissolved a pearl worth tens of millions of sesterces in vinegar just to win a dinner-party bet. The first of his observations that can be dated exactly occurred on March 12, 127. [209][211], Cleopatra invited Antony to come to Egypt before departing from Tarsos, which led Antony to visit Alexandria by November 41 BC. [49][50] In it she wears a royal diadem, red or reddish-brown hair pulled back into a bun,[note 76] pearl-studded hairpins,[444] and earrings with ball-shaped pendants, the white skin of her face and neck set against a stark black background. [388], Cleopatra's gender has perhaps led to her depiction as a minor if not insignificant figure in ancient, medieval, and even modern historiography about ancient Egypt and the Greco-Roman world. [273][272], In late 34 BC, Antony and Octavian engaged in a heated war of propaganda that would last for years. [142][139][144][note 36] After Caesar managed to execute Potheinos, Arsinoe IV joined forces with Achillas and was declared queen, but soon afterward had her tutor Ganymedes kill Achillas and take his position as commander of her army. Alexandria was built by the Ancient Greeks, but later conquered by the Romans. [501] Cleopatra I Syra's father Antiochus III the Great was a descendant of Queen Apama, the Sogdian Iranian wife of Seleucus I Nicator. ABBREVIATIONS; ANAGRAMS; BIOGRAPHIES; CALCULATORS; CONVERSIONS; [236] Since the authority of Antony and Octavian as triumvirs had expired on 1January 37 BC, Octavia arranged for a meeting at Tarentum, where the triumvirate was officially extended to 33 BC. Ptolemy can be described as a polymath because his studies ranged across an astonishing array of disciplines, from astronomy and geography, to mathematics, philosophy, literature and This drawing by astronomer Jean Dominique Cassini was influenced by the epicycles that Ptolemy refined by his mathematics and observations of the sky. [100], By 29 August 51 BC, official documents started listing Cleopatra as the sole ruler, evidence that she had rejected her brother Ptolemy XIII as a co-ruler. Ptolemy I Soter It is likely that the two siblings married, as was customary at the time. [198][199] Cleopatra received messages from both Gaius Cassius Longinus, one of Caesar's assassins, and Publius Cornelius Dolabella, proconsul of Syria and Caesarian loyalist, requesting military aid. [370][371], Cleopatra Selene II died around 5 BC, and when Juba II died in 23/24 AD he was succeeded by his son Ptolemy. Having ascended the throne as a child, Ptolemy was his mothers coruler. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. [271][272] Antony and Cleopatra may have been wed during this ceremony. [102][103][104][note 28] By the reign of Cleopatra, however, it was considered a normal arrangement for Ptolemaic rulers. [49] Her hair and facial features are similar to those in the sculpted Berlin and Vatican portraits as well as her coinage. Ptolemy [282] In 32 BC, the Antonian loyalists Gaius Sosius and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus became consuls. [482] In preparation for the film starring Taylor as Cleopatra, women's magazines of the early 1960s advertised how to use makeup, clothes, jewelry, and hairstyles to achieve the "Egyptian" look similar to the queens Cleopatra and Nefertiti. [89][90][91][note 26] Rabirius was unable to collect the entirety of Ptolemy XII's debt by the time of the latter's death, and so it was passed on to his successors Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII. [499][500] Her mother Laodice III was a daughter born to King Mithridates II of Pontus, a Persian of the Mithridatic dynasty, and his wife Laodice who had a mixed Greek-Persian heritage. Ptolemy Ptolemy XII Auletes Ptolemy was a cartographer and geography, and also worked in mathematics. See more. [406][407], A life-sized Roman-style statue of Cleopatra was found near the Tomba di Nerone[it], Rome, along the Via Cassia, and is now housed in the Museo Pio-Clementino, part of the Vatican Museums. Meaning of Ptolemy. [369] She also named her son Ptolemy of Mauretania, in honor of their Ptolemaic dynastic heritage. [105][96][106] Others involved in the cabal against Cleopatra included Achillas, a prominent military commander, and Theodotus of Chios, another tutor of Ptolemy XIII. [226] Fulvia and Antony's brother Lucius Antonius were eventually besieged by Octavian at Perusia (modern Perugia, Italy) and then exiled from Italy, after which Fulvia died at Sicyon in Greece while attempting to reach Antony. WebShortly after the siege was lifted by reinforcements, Ptolemy XIII died in the Battle of the Nile; Cleopatra's half-sister Arsinoe IV was eventually exiled to Ephesus for her role in carrying out the siege. WebThe name Ptolemy is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "aggressive, warlike". [28][29] With opposition building at the royal court against the idea of a sole reigning female monarch, Berenice III accepted joint rule and marriage with her cousin and stepson Ptolemy XI Alexander II, an arrangement made by the Roman dictator Sulla. After a series of battles, Caesar outmanoeuvred Ptolemy XIII in the Battle of the Nile, breaking his forces and forcing him to flee. [361], After her suicide, Cleopatra's three surviving children, Cleopatra Selene II, Alexander Helios, and Ptolemy Philadelphos, were sent to Rome with Octavian's sister Octavia the Younger, a former wife of their father, as their guardian. We know very little of Ptolemy's early life, including his birth and death dates. [281][266] A subscript in a different handwriting at the bottom of the papyrus reads "make it happen"[281][266] or "so be it"[267] (Ancient Greek: , romanized:ginsthi);[note 54] this is likely the autograph of the queen, as it was Ptolemaic practice to countersign documents to avoid forgery. WebClaudius Ptolemy was born in about the year 100 AD, almost certainly in Egypt. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. [189][190] Cicero, who was present at the festival, mockingly asked where the diadem came from, an obvious reference to the Ptolemaic queen whom he abhorred. Last modified February 27, 2017. [204][205] The meeting would allow Cleopatra to clear up the misconception that she had supported Cassius during the civil war and address territorial exchanges in the Levant, but Antony also undoubtedly desired to form a personal, romantic relationship with the queen. [449] The Dendera Temple complex, near Dendera, Egypt, contains Egyptian-style carved relief images along the exterior walls of the Temple of Hathor depicting Cleopatra and her young son Caesarion as a grown adult and ruling pharaoh making offerings to the gods. [337][336][338][note 56] No venomous snake was found with her body, but she did have tiny puncture wounds on her arm that could have been caused by a needle. Greene, Nick. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. WebClaudius Ptolemy was born in about the year 100 AD, almost certainly in Egypt. Ptolemy [138][139][140] Caesar then brought Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII before the assembly of Alexandria, where Caesar revealed the written will of Ptolemy XIIpreviously possessed by Pompeynaming Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as his joint heirs. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. He also included a star catalog that contained 48 constellations (star patterns) he could observe, all with the same names that are still in use today. [298][299][300], Burstein writes that partisan Roman writers would later accuse Cleopatra of cowardly deserting Antony, but their original intention of keeping their sails on board may have been to break the blockade and salvage as much of their fleet as possible. [485] Ingrid D. Rowland, who highlights that the "Berenice called Cleopatra" cited by the 3rd- or 4th-century female Roman physician Metrodora was likely conflated by medieval scholars as referring to Cleopatra. [245][232] At the expense of the Nabataean king Malichus I (a cousin of Herod), Cleopatra was also given a portion of the Nabataean Kingdom around the Gulf of Aqaba on the Red Sea, including Ailana (modern Aqaba, Jordan). [242][220][note 49], In this arrangement Cleopatra gained significant former Ptolemaic territories in the Levant, including nearly all of Phoenicia (Lebanon) minus Tyre and Sidon, which remained in Roman hands. His reign began as co-ruler with his sister, the famous Cleopatra VII, following the wishes of their father, Ptolemy XII Auletes. [301][305] The couple then went their separate ways, Antony to Cyrene to raise more troops and Cleopatra to the harbor at Alexandria in an attempt to mislead the oppositional party and portray the activities in Greece as a victory. [53][54][55][note 18] However, Ptolemy XII's profligate behavior bankrupted him, and he was forced to acquire loans from the Roman banker Gaius Rabirius Postumus.
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