There is an extremely limited gender and environmental focus in the literature. Rev. This growth has created huge markets for farmers, along with employment in various supply-chain segments1,2, including food processors, wholesalers and logistics firms. Forsythe, L., Posthumus, H. & Martin, A. Source: Authors calculations. The primary outcome (increased income or lower poverty or food security) can arise through adopting a new practice or technology (secondary outcome) that increases yields or attracts a higher price (intermediary outcome). Econ. We refer to these logistics services (such as transport) as OM2C in Fig. We also excluded government programmes that provide inputs at market rate, extension services or the development of information systems, as well as those about cooperatives that have been established by governments. The value chain includes five stages: Creation: the originating and authoring of ideas and content (e.g. The study location was in a low- or middle-income country in Asia, Africa or Latin America. 72, 394407 (2015). 1) laid out in the conceptual framework. The number of articles retrieved in the searches and passed each subsequent stage of screening is shown. Open access 1. Giessen, 2017). Planning for Adaptation: A System Approach to Understand the Value Among all outcomes assessed in these studies, the study focal actors produced a positive outcome for farmers in 77% of the cases (Extended Data Table 3). Introduction 1.1. To achieve competitive advantage, an organization ultimately delivers more value at an equal or lower cost. These intermediaries can directly support zero hunger and improved welfare through the inclusion of small-scale producers that otherwise would have been excluded. Ann. 83, 7083 (2016). Ideas https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/aaea15/205650.html (2015). For supermarkets and traders, the provision of purchase agreements (informal but consistent interactions) was prevalent, provided in 50% and 25% of links with farmers, respectively. 39, 784796 (2011). Sustain. We find that midstream and downstream enterprises, even when not in formal contract relations and even when they are SME firms, are generally helpful to small-scale producers. 31, 209218 (2004). Nature Sustainability They have the potential to expand small-scale producers access to knowledge and provide incentives to adopt sustainable agricultural practices. Agric. Extended Data Table 1 Types of assistance provided by input suppliers and logistics service providers. Table 1 disaggregates the kinds of services (beyond purchasing) provided by output market channels. Specific challenges and constraints for women in agricultural value chains. What Is a Value Chain Analysis? 3 Steps | HBS Online Tricco, A. C. et al. Moreover, a lack of trust between cooperative members and their leadership could result in failure to deliver on agreements28,45,46,47,48. Other forms of evidence synthesis such as systematic reviews are less suitable for addressing the kinds of open-ended, exploratory questions that are often appropriate in agriculture. 50, 8494 (2017). While an assessment of study quality is not typically carried out as part of a scoping review67, we conducted a general methodological assessment on the basis of three questions related to the appropriateness of the methods used. Based on the role they played value chain actors can be grouped under three levels in the study areas. Resour. Studies using data collected before 2000 were excluded from the review, given our focus on modern marketing channels. Thus, N=57. First, additional metadata tags were added to each study record using a machine-learning model, which facilitated an initial accelerated title-screening phase. Sci. World Dev. 2.5.1. Value Chain Finance | Marketlinks Variation in institutional contexts of end markets is linked to different types of coordination and control of enabling environment throughout the chains. A stable policy environment, characterized by enforcement of regulations and the enactment of enabling policies, was mentioned as a facilitating condition in 18% of the studies. There has been a dramatic increase in research interest in the relationship between small-scale producers and our focal actors in the past ten years. Market information increases the speed of farm product sales while allowing farmers to bargain more effectively and obtain better prices22,23,24. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. List of included studies and key characteristics. Pap. Further studies on whether and how these platforms could support the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices in crop and animal production are necessary. In a first step, each citation was analysed using a machine-learning model that added over 30 metadata fields such as the studies populations, geographies, interventions and outcomes of interest. Among output intermediaries (columns 1 and 2), it is more common for positive outcomes to follow from exchanges that include arrangements for transportation, the provision of credit or inputs, and the provision of extension. However, provision of warehouse services is higher (at 6%) for staple crops than for high-value crops (at 2%). Google Scholar. Information on the nature of the interactions, the outcomes measured and the effects on small-scale producers were recorded. Studies not meeting any of the above criteria were excluded. Vibrant food systems. characterized by calculative attitudes of actors, keeping their cards close to their chest. This reveals a gap in the literature, particularly given rising animal-protein consumption and the associated supply response in developing countries. ISSN 2398-9629 (online). Harou, A. P., Upton, J. Financing is mostly in the form of short-term loans. Oya, C., Schaefer, F., Skalidou, D., McCosker, C. & Langer, L. Effects of certification schemes for agricultural production on socio-economic outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Internet Explorer). Mung bean value chain actors include input suppliers, producers, collectors, retailers, wholesalers, exporter and consumers. The rise of a middle class in East and southern Africa: implications for food system transformation. This is probably because we excluded formal contract arrangements, typically conducted by larger enterprises. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022), Nature Sustainability (Nat Sustain) & Madevu, H. Securing small farmer participation in supermarket supply chains in South Africa. & Amodio, M. L. Fresh-cut markets and opportunities for income and nutrition security. This might reflect more funding opportunities and/or the prevalence of small-scale agriculture in Africa. volume3,pages 799808 (2020)Cite this article. 1), while in 2530% of interactions with these focal actors, inputs were provided. Frontiers | Evolution of value chain and governance actor responses to Kilelu, C. W., Klerkx, L. & Leeuwis, C. Supporting smallholder commercialisation by enhancing integrated coordination in agrifood value chains: experiences with dairy hubs in Kenya. & Aw-Hassan, A. Determinants of small scale dairy sheep producers decisions to use middlemen for accessing markets and getting loans in dry marginal areas in Syria. (3) A conducive policy environment can facilitate mutually beneficial interactions between farmers and the focal actors. Liverpool-Tasie, L. S. O., Okuku, R., Harawa, R., Reardon, T. & Wallace, S. in The Hidden Middle: A Quiet Revolution in the Private Sector Driving Agricultural Transformation (ed. 21, 91111 (2014). The included studies demonstrate that training and capacity building can support small-scale producers as they upgrade their production to satisfy the requirements of modern market channels17,18,19,20,21. Main actors and their roles: Those actors who directly deal with the products or services. It was published in 2000 or later and in English. Evidence from the World Food Programmes Purchase for Progress satellite collection points initiative in Uganda. Veterinary Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 8 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.720553 Using a Value Chain Approach to Map the Pig Production System in Rwanda, Its Governance, and Sanitary Risks In addition to easing the provision of complementary services, access to transportation (road infrastructure) enables farmers to gain better price terms from both informal and formal market channels29,30, and cold storage infrastructure, which reduces food wastage, has been found to increase producers sales and generate higher prices in the off season17,31,32. This scoping review covers 202 studies on that topic. Yet just a very small share of small-scale producers sell under contract directly to large firms3. Forty-six of the 202 studies (23%) explicitly discussed challenges that impede the ability of value chain actors to upgrade producers practices or improve their welfare. Walgreens is closing 450 locations | CNN Business Fischer, E. & Matin, Q. whole value chain, etc. Adjei-Nsiah, S. & Klerkx, L. Innovation platforms and institutional change: The case of small-scale palm oil processing in Ghana. and N.G. PDF FINANCE IN THE VALUE CHAIN FRAMEWORK - United States Agency for Sustainable value chain approach for livestock-based livelihood Based Healthc. Econ. 9, 423433 (2011). There has been little exploration of whether non-contract interactions between small farmers and both small- and large-scale value chain actors have affected small farmers livelihoods. Then we analysed whether the outcomes of these economic relations were positive for small-scale producers, as well as what explained any positive or negative outcomes (Fig. Seto, K. C. & Ramankutty, N. Hidden linkages between urbanization and food systems. Rural Stud. Further research on gender-related issues and how SMEs in the midstream of value chains could increase farmer adoption of environmentally safe practices is needed to guide efforts to promote sustainable agricultural practices in line with SDG 2. Geogr. Ten percent are working papers published in grey-literature outlets, 7% are conference papers, and book chapters and theses/dissertations each account for 5% of the included studies. Dung National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria2 1). Largely missing from the literature is evidence on (1) whether and how much value chain actors provide resources and services to farmers when the relation does not involve a formal contract and (2) whether interactions with these enterprises benefit small-scale producers in the absence of a formal contract. In addition, a study was excluded if: The methodology provided was insufficiently clear to evaluate quality and potential biases. 1st All Africa Post Harvest Congress & Exhibition 1013 (Univ. Shiferaw, B., Obare, G. & Muricho, G. Rural market imperfections and the role of institutions in collective action to improve markets for the poor. 1). In addition, when SME value chain actors provide these services that are beyond their core activities, it is correlated with technology adoption and higher productivity among farmers. We categorized the focal actor cases in the included studies by whether they were identified as being small and find that the value chain actors (that is, traders, processors and logistics companies) in an overwhelming majority of the included studies are not large multinational companies but SMEs. Context 1 . Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O., Wineman, A., Young, S. et al. Bell, C., Srinivasan, T. N. & Udry, C. Rationing, spillover, and interlinking in credit markets: the case of rural Punjab. Our findings differ from the traditional tied creditoutput literature in that we find that credit provision is provided not only by traders but also by other value chain actors and is actually more likely to be provided by SME processors even in the absence of contracts. Value chain actors and support framework - ResearchGate We also find that the majority of outcomes of the transactions are beneficial to small farmers, not exploitative as suggested by the old literature. 3, 104111 (2015). A crop of ones own? Exp. Based on this, they could then develop strategic partnerships with other value chain actors (inter-organizational). Econ. Abdelali-Martini, M., Dhehibi, B. 2. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics - value chain Few studies consider a primary outcome (such as income, poverty or food security) alongside a secondary or intermediate outcome (such as technology adoption or increased yields). Thank you for visiting nature.com. with the farmers, a number of actors participated in the value chain of tomato from the production point to the consumer point.
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