In this paper, we aimed to expand the science of compassion in multiple aspects: (a) we expanded the scope of the science of compassion by suggesting that the practice of compassion is an intervention to recognize the ultimate nature of mind and promote post-conflict well-being, over and beyond studies of social emotions and prosocial motivations; (b) we expanded the theoretical background of compassion science by importing Buddhist concepts; (c) we expanded the translational framework of compassion science by juxtaposing the concepts in Buddhism, Bayesian active inference, and Neuroscience in a unified framework. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.023. In what follows, we provide more detailed functional characterizations of the three components in the Bayesian Engine in the context of conceptual thoughts (VIKALPA), attunement, and post-conflict bifurcation. Je Tsongkhapa (13571419) taught that a compassion meditation practitioner should focus on the friend, enemy, and those in between, thinking, Im going to help them (Gelek Rimpoche, 2014). Theres a lesson in here about how our exposure to commentarial literature (including contemporary books and websites) can make it hard for us to appreciate what the Buddha taught. The development of object permanence suggests the emergence of mental image that mediates the childs object seeking, implicating an operation of conceptual thoughts (VIKALPA). However, just like the light bulb can never stain the lamp shade, the object perceived by the mind can never stain the mind. Finally, as I reflect on life, I recognize the element of dukkha both the everyday sufferings associated with life itself of pain, difficulties, illness, and discomforts, together with that sense of imperfection, impermanence, and dissatisfaction which is very deep-rooted in the psyche. When touched with a feeling of pain, the uninstructed run-of-the-mill person sorrows, grieves, and laments, beats his breast, becomes distraught. The Buddhist tradition emphasizes the importance of developing insight into the nature of dukha, the conditions that cause it, and how it can be overcome. Its the general background of anxiety and insecurity that colors even our happiest moments. Figure 4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.54.1.90, Harrison, B. J., Soriano-Mas, C., Pujol, J., Ortiz, H., Lpez-Sol, M., Hernndez-Ribas, R., et al. An organism can have many layers of Bayesian Networks. "[21] When related to vedana, "feeling," dukkha ("unpleasant," "painfull") is the opposite of sukkha ("pleasure," "pleasant"), yet all feelings are dukkha in that they are impermanent, conditioned phenomena, which are unsatisfactory, incapable of providing lasting satisfaction. Not getting what we want 8. The First Noble Truth - dukkha - The Buddha and his teachings - BBC Sci. The suffering of suffering includes all the miseries of the lower realms, as well as the sufferings of old age, birth,sickness, and death in the higher realms, and also separation from what we hold dear, having to encounter what is undesirable, and not achieving what we want even after pursuing it. We hereby summarize a structure of the main practice of compassion meditation below: (1) Recognize that all people are entrapped in three types of suffering, self and others alike. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2017.06.003. We continue to make the same mistake over and over again, attempting to avoid that which causes pain while seeking out that which causes pleasure. Varela, F. (1996). Parental brain: the crucible of compassion, in The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science, eds E. M. Seppl, E. Simon-Thomas, S. L. Brown, M. C. Worline, C. D. Cameron, and J. R. Doty (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Process. As time went on, I began to realize that the stroke may well have changed them. (2016). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Brain 133, 12651283. New York, NY: Jewel Heart. Empathy and stress related neural responses in maternal decision making. Front. Psychiatry 62, 513520. Thus, the Reality-Checking component of the Bayesian Engine, mediated by the FPN/VAN, can be considered a gateway to facilitate engagement with others effectively, as it enables the person to see self and others subjectivity flexibly. Psychol. For example, complete social isolations since birth caused great harms (Harlow et al., 1965); adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) predicted adulthood psychopathology (Anda et al., 2006), incoherent social relationships (Tyrka et al., 2009), suicidality (Dube et al., 2001), and other mortality risk factors (Felitti et al., 1998); poor quality in social relationships have detrimental effects on health (Umberson and Montez, 2010) and positive association with cellular aging (Uchino et al., 2012); an animal model suggested that when conflicts resulted in social defeat, individuals are prone for substance abuse and social emotional disorders (Hammels et al., 2015). Fortunately, this is followed by the truth that suffering has a cause, can be ended, and that there is a path that leads to the end of suffering. General misery He then organizes these eight types of suffering within three types of suffering (or three patterns) as follows: 1. A meta-analysis of compassion-based interventions: current state of knowledge and future directions. Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. Struggling with pain, but the Buddha encourages we go forth to achieve our ends, not to mire in sorrow. 10:49. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00049, Carhart-Harris, R. L., and Friston, K. J. The suffering of suffering. Its our pain and our suffering, but also our discontentment, annoyance, our restlessness and unease. doi: 10.1023/a:1015255311837, Li, W., Mai, X., and Liu, C. (2014). The Pali word dukkha is most commonly translated to English as "suffering.". General misery. This is the pain of reversal viparima-dukkhat. Rev. Ho, S. S., Muzik, M., Rosenblum, K. L., Morelen, D., Nakamura, Y., and Swain, J. E. (2020). 48, 778792. Is meditation about making your mind go blank? 65, 208228. This includes the suffering of physical pain. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.002, Gilbertson, M. W., Williston, S. K., Paulus, L. A., Lasko, N. B., Gurvits, T. V., Shenton, M. E., et al. Asanga (2016). In Lama Tsongkhapa's Great Stages of the Path, the eight types of suffering are . doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-10687-8_19, Gilbert, P. (2019). We hypothesize that: Hypothesis 1: A form of bias, namely ego-preserving bias, can prevent a person from attuning to those whose perspectives conflict with his or her own. Accordingly, it has been postulated that stress ensues when an organisms existing working models fail to minimize free energy under challenging circumstances, i.e., uncertainty that threatens ones prior models (Peters et al., 2017). The last form of suffering is known as the suffering of conditioned existence (samsara-duhkhata). Then again, you may not know us at all. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. As the U.S. Copes with Multiple Crises, Partisans Disagree Sharply on Severity of Problems Facing the Nation. [11][12], Dukha (Sanskrit: ; Pali: dukkha) is a term found in the Upanishads and Buddhist texts, meaning anything that is "uneasy, uncomfortable, unpleasant, difficult, causing pain or sadness". Functional neuroanatomy of meditation: a review and meta-analysis of 78 functional neuroimaging investigations. You may very well know us as the publishers of two Buddhist magazines, the Shambhala Sun and Buddhadharma. These overlapping regions are known to mediate the regulation of egocentric-allocentric frames in a mental space, which is key to interpersonal understanding and resilience to adversity (Frith and de Vignemont, 2005; Gilbertson et al., 2007; Langston and Wood, 2010; Ekstrom et al., 2014). For examples, studies of loving-kindness meditation demonstrated that a brief practice was able to increase feelings of social connectedness and affiliation toward strangers (Hutcherson et al., 2008) and that repeated weekly training sessions led to increase positive emotions, mindfulness, feelings of purpose in life and social support as well as to decrease illness symptoms (Fredrickson et al., 2008). This meta-analysis failed to identify regions purportedly common to compassion such as the DLPFC, OFC, and amygdala, possibly due to the inclusion of a small number of studies that used loving-kindness meditation in their meta-analysis (Kim et al., 2020). The nature of mind is clear (as its ultimate nature) and aware (as its function), as explained in SPIBC-M (Tenzin Gyatso, 2020): Generally, in the context of Buddhist texts, the terms cognition [or comprehension or discernment] (Sanskrit: BUDDHI, Tibetan: blo), consciousness (JNANA), and awareness (SAMVITTI) are all treated as coextensive or synonymous. (2016). We will discuss some key functions of this component in more details in Section Reality-Checking: The Gateway to Attuning to Self and Others., (3) Conflict-Alarming refers to the intense responses when an individual perceives threats to his or her prior model, as a special case of severe prediction error signals in the Bayesian Engine. In the first system, an affect-object inference generation system encompasses four components: a thought generator in precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), an affect potential storage in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) for negative affect and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) for positive affect, a proximal object sketchpad in middle medial prefrontal cortex (mmPFC), and a distal object sketchpad in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). Posttraumatic shame and guilt. In Buddhism there are three main types of suffering: The first is linked to the first three sights the Buddha saw on his first journey outside his palace: old age, sickness and death.. In Buddhist terms, this mistaken world view is referred to as ignorance. Early Western translators of Buddhist texts (before the 1970s) typically translated the Pali term dukkha as "suffering." So, the teaching of the four noble truths is not that life is destined to be nothing but suffering, but that the means of finding liberation from suffering is always available to us. (1998). Its a minor realignment of the teachings rather than any kind of deep insight, but its good to get rid of these niggles. Using this animal study as a metaphor, a person entrapped in VIKALPA and PRAPACA is like the rats in the study described above. Interestingly, enhancing the attunement to others feelings may be different from feeling painful when observing other people in pain. While an experimental trial demonstrating torture-proof effects of compassion meditation is impossible for ethical reasons, a hint of preliminary evidence of our conjecture has been reported in a series of empirical studies testing the effects of a lojong-inspired compassion training, Cognitively-Based Cognitive Training (CBCT), which aims to cultivate equal attunement to self and others, although the practice of self-other exchange (tonglen) was excluded in its curriculum and post-conflict well-being was not measured as outcome variables in these studies (Pace et al., 2009; Desbordes et al., 2012; Mascaro et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2019; Ash et al., 2020). (2) The second level is the notion of developing equanimity to friends and enemies within ones self, i.e., inhibiting ones attraction to friends and repulsion from enemies. U.S.A. 54, 9097. J. Psycho Anal. [18][19][20][note 6] In the sequence "birth is painfull," dukhka may be translated as "painfull. Nagarjuna (1995). To be conditioned is to be dependent on or affected by something else. While SN and VAN overlap in several cortical areas, as they are both involved in the processing of prediction error signals, the substrate of Conflict-Alarming component refers to the part of SN that is preferentially activated in pain, i.e., intense emotional responses related to belief-violating or survival-threatening prediction errors (Lieberman and Eisenberger, 2015). Last year Britannica honored 100 trailblazing women who left their indelible marks on the world, whether conducting groundbreaking research or guiding others to freedom as a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad. Neuroimage 217, 116939. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116939, Barrett, L. F., and Simmons, W. K. (2015). In this study, the rats were implanted with electric stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus and they were placed in a shuttle box, with a lever on either end of the box. Wilson, S. J., and Sayette, M. A. Surprisingly, after the rats learned to press the levers to turn the stimulation on or off, the rats ran between two ends constantly, alternating between turning on the stimulation on one end and turning it off on the other end (Mendelson and Freed, 1973). London: Thorsons. NeuroImage 99, 180190. (2010). However, according to Monier Monier-Williams, the actual roots of the Pali term dukkha appear to be Sanskrit - (dus-, "bad") + (stha, "to stand"). Tenzin Gyatso, T. T. D. L. (2020). The egoistic views feed an egoistic conceita sense of entitlement to justify an events value as good or bad according to ones own views, self-affirmingly, e.g., Its good or bad (because I think so).. Self Psychol. Devastating floods were occurring in the Czech Republic where my wife and I lived between 1993 and 2001. In Buddhist concepts, consciousness (VIJANA) occurs by the conditioning of an internal sense base (INDRIYA) and an external sense object (AYATANA). The second is not. The Buddha taught there are three kinds of dukkha. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 24, 116. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0506571103, Peters, A., Mcewen, B. S., and Friston, K. (2017). doi: 10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8, Fox, K. C., Dixon, M. L., Nijeboer, S., Girn, M., Floman, J. L., Lifshitz, M., et al. The three types of suffering can be named differently in social domains (Buswell and Lopez, 2013): (1) The misery caused by mental suffering can manifest as the suffering of being associated with persons and things one dislikes, which involves VIKAPLA of thinking a generic image of enemies. A person with ego-preserving bias will strive to maintain his or her prior beliefs related to self and others, denying or neglecting any data that suggest nuanced information inconsistent with his or her own identity-grasping beliefs. In a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging research in compassion based on 16 fMRI studies reviewed, the shared brain regions that are consistently related to compassion were identified, including the PAG, bilateral anterior insula, and putamen, which are part of the SN, the dorsal ACC/adMCC, which is part of the FPN/VAN, and the inferior frontal gyrus and subgenual ACC, which are part of DMN. The verse 4.4.14 of the Bhadrayaka Upaniad states: The verse 7.26.2 of the Chndogya Upaniad states: When a man rightly sees [his soul],[32]he sees no death, no sickness or distress. After considering the three forms of suffering, it is clearly apparent that the life of a human being is full of suffering. The endless cycle of birth, rebirth, and redeath, is samsara. Coming across what is not desirable 6. J. Neurosci. All these nodes are embodied and supported by materiality or form (RUPA). doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1635, Yeo, B. T., Krienen, F. M., Sepulcre, J., Sabuncu, M. R., Lashkari, D., Hollinshead, M., et al. Good days to deepen our resolve & cultivate merit & virtue, work a lil harder. Natl. Child Abuse Neglect 20, 767782. As we practice, we develop a happiness that is not dependent on external objects or life events but results from a cultivated state of mind that does not come and go as circumstances change. According to Winthrop Sargeant, The ancient Aryans who brought the Sanskrit language to India were a nomadic, horse- and cattle-breeding people who travelled in horse- or ox-drawn vehicles. Copyright 2023 AWAKENING STATE. All worldly pleasures and favorable sensations experienced are merely palliative opiates that dull the pain of present existence without remedying the basic root source of the disease. doi: 10.1037/a0026836. Type 1. Compassion training alters altruism and neural responses to suffering. Methods 8, 665670. Once embodied, the nodes serve as conditioned circumstances that interact with the environments to register features of an incoming event (via Nodes S and A), as a primary transaction, and then to infer how the Bayesian Engine should relate to the event (via Node I), as a secondary transaction. [7][note 2] Regular phonological changes in the development of Sanskrit into the various Prakrits led to a shift from dus-sth to dukha to dukkha. (5) Concentrate on this state of mind and let go of conceptual thoughts that emerge, focusing on the ultimate nature of mind until the end of the meditation session. The second noble truth tells us that this very grasping, or clinging, or avoidance is the source of dukkha. (2018). (2011). The evidence of lojong practices effectiveness is living in the lives of the practitioners, as demonstrated by many anecdotes. doi: 10.1080/17588928.2011.604717, Kilner, J. M., Friston, K. J., and Frith, C. D. (2007). The wandering brain: meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of mind-wandering and related spontaneous thought processes. Total social isolation in monkeys. Psychol. Erskine, R. G. (1998). The suffering that I experience does not cause any harm to others. The concept of person, as in the attunement to a person, does not refer to an indivisible entity, but a collection of five aggregates (SKANDHAS) functioning in an impersonal (selfless) process of dependent origination, including: (1) materiality or form (RUPA), (2) sensations or feelings (VEDANA), (3) perception or discrimination (SAMJA), (4) conditioning factors or volitional actions (SAMSKARA), and (5) consciousness (VIJANA). 8, 619628. Mindfulness meditation regulates anterior insula activity during empathy for social pain. And we are able to take sankhra to have its very basic sense of constructed rather than taking it to refer to the entirety of the phenomenal universe, which makes the whole teaching more practical and down-to-earth. If x causes y to change, then x is a parent of y, and y is a child of x; if x and y mutually depend on each other, then x is a peer of y. So he feels two pains, physical and mental. I wasnt sure at first what was bothering me about this teaching, but eventually I realized that it was repetitive. 83, 281297. plus our 25-year archive. doi: 10.1177/0265407515626595, ODoherty, J., Dayan, P., Schultz, J., Deichmann, R., Friston, K., and Dolan, R. J. Type 7. For example when we have hurt feelings we feel physical pain, but its mediated by the mind. Psychol. In Buddha Gotamas earliest teaching, PRATITYASAMUTPADA was explained as from the arising of this, that arises; from the cessation of this, that ceases, Later, Arya Nagarjuna, the founder of the MAHAYANA MADHYAMAKA school, expounded this notion further that everything comes into existence in dependence on something else, with such dependence including (1) the dependence of an effect upon its cause, (2) the dependence of a whole upon its parts, and (3) the dependence of an object on the consciousness that designates it. . As mentioned earlier, a lojong-inspired compassion training showed beneficial effects on stress reactivity and the brain (Pace et al., 2009; Desbordes et al., 2012; Mascaro et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2019; Ash et al., 2020). As the sixth kind of consciousness, mental awareness is pervading but distinct from the sense consciousnesses, as mental awareness is non-organic (not bound to an organ) and non-local (not bound to any perceived object at a specific locus in time and space). 28, 151158. Conceptual thoughts (VIKALPA) operate through the medium of generic images (SAMANYALAKSANA), i.e., mental images or qualities that are generic to a class of phenomena, as opposed to those specific qualities that are unique to a given object. Internal State is a parent of Active State and a child of Sensory State; External State is a parent of Sensory State and a child of Active State; In addition, Sensory State and Active State are peers, and they are the Markov Blanket of Internal and External States, which means Internal State does not directly observe External State, but it can predict External State through the Markov Blanket. The salience network is responsible for switching between the default mode network and the central executive network: replication from DCM. Three types of suffering The three types of suffering (Skt. About the Suffragist Movement - Britannica Presents 100 Women Trailblazers Chgyam Trungpa writes about general misery that goes on completely all the time it is a sense of heaviness, hollowness, and even wretchedness, which is eternal. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6773(73)80147-6. Compassion meditation enhances empathic accuracy and related neural activity. The first level of suffering is part of our human condition, and we can't do much to change . In the scriptures the order is always dukkha-dukkhat (ordinary pain), sankhra-dukkhat (conditioned states), and then viparima-dukkhat (the pain of reversal of fortune). According to Buddhism (Tenzin Gyatso, 2020), when a persons mental awareness is obscured by conceptual thoughts (VIKALPA), or conceptual construction (KALPANA), life is nothing but SAMSARAa bondage to three types of suffering (DUHKHAS), as follows (Buswell and Lopez, 2013): (1) Misery caused by physical or mental suffering (DUHKHADUHKATA). Stud. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Affect. Anything that is not permanent, that is subject to change, is dukkha. Most of us first learn about Buddhism from books about Buddhism, which are often based on other books about Buddhism (and so on, and so on). Efferent association pathways from the rostral prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey. Unfortunately, political polarization and inter-group animosity has increased in the United States in the past decade (Pew Research Center, 2014). Med. You function that way; your mind is attuned. ", "Your team and your courses have changed mine and my family's life for the better. This is the most difficult part of the teachings on dukkha to understand, but it is critical to understanding Buddhism. (Actually, its not strictly speaking her thats switched the order around; shes just following a tradition of earlier teachers who have done the same thing.). 106, 11251165. In Buddhism, the three marks of existence are three characteristics ( Pali: tilakkhaa; Sanskrit: trilakaa) of all existence and beings, namely anicc (impermanence), dukkha (commonly translated as "suffering", "unsatisfactory," "unease"), [note 1] and anatt (without a lasting essence). I think this interpretation makes more sense than those commonly given, and in fact I suspect that the teaching of the two arrows and the teaching of the three forms of suffering were originally related. We suffer even when experiencing pleasure, because deep down, we know it will eventually come to an end. We reported a meta-analysis to explain a post-adversity bifurcation in the brain responses, highlighting a brain network, namely the Affect-Object Generating Network, through which conceptual thoughts can be generated by linking the representations of self (as a proximal object) and others (as a distal object) to affective potentials via thinking processes propelled by a thought generator, depicted in Figure 3 (Ho and Nakamura, 2017). Structural changes in socio-affective networks: multi-modal MRI findings in long-term meditation practitioners. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is selective for pain: results from large-scale reverse inference. paragraph form with links to related content that the reader might be interested giving them context Brain Sci. 4. The authors of the study suggested that compassion meditation can cultivate an enhanced motivation to look at visual images depicting suffering while attenuating amygdala responses to the aversiveness of stimuli. Against this backdrop, we aim to introduce relevant Buddhist concepts in the present work in order to identify an entry point for attunement-oriented interventions to safeguard personal well-being despite inevitable conflicts, although such personal intervention is by no means a substitute for more socially active processes such as better journalism, better accountability of politicians, and better rule of law. J. Behav. Please try again. The turmoil of COVID-19 pandemic, United States presidential election, and geopolitical struggles happening in year 2020 may have marked a transformative opportunity for the humanity to bifurcate into future actions. Int. There is to be found ultimately satisfying or no lasting happiness in mundane pursuits and pleasures, as it is all subject to decay. (2004). We wish to add that we also need to take responsibility to understand the ultimate nature of mind. Compassion interventions: the programmes, the evidence, and implications for research and practice. 25, 903910. See Figure 1. J. Psychother. The embodiment of Bayesian Engine does not entitle any intrinsic independent existence of an individual agent. It emphasizes how to see conflicts (and other circumstances that are ordinarily upsetting or depressing) as reasons for happiness in the perspective of dependent origination, e.g., thinking that difficulties faced in day-to-day life are exhausting negative karmic results of ones own non-virtuous actions in the past; how to transform a self-cherishing attitude into cherishing others, by contemplating the illusory nature of the self, the faults in self-cherishing, and the benefits that flow from cherishing others; the trainings are based primarily on the techniques for equalizing the attunement to self and others and exchange of self and other by taking others suffering and giving them selfs happiness (Buswell and Lopez, 2013). Even some of the most common teachings of Buddhism, like the four foundations of mindfulness or the twelve links of dependent origination have sometimes struck me as being a bit off, and Ive ended up reinterpreting them in a way that makes more sense to me. Type 2. We postulate that excessive free energy should trigger the SN underlying the Conflict-Alarming component, thus the SN should play a pivotal role in regulating the dynamic coherence between the DMN and FPN/VAN underlying Relation-Modeling and Reality-Checking components, respectively. 10:683. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00683. The compassion meditation is based on Buddhist philosophy that mental suffering is rooted in conceptual thoughts that give rise to generic mental images of self and others and subsequent biases to preserve one's egoism, blocking the ultimate nature of mind. Although an adaptive system must possess many layers of Bayesian Networks, Friston described a heuristic model with only four nodes, namely Active State (Node A), Sensory State (Node S), Internal State (Node I), and External State (Node E) (Friston, 2013). We wish to present this work as a small steppingstone toward the humanitys evolution into a future where conflicts in all levels of the society can be addressed with compassion and kindness by as many people as possible, i.e., doing our best to recognize the ultimate nature of mind and universal suffering caused by ego-preserving bias and rather wishing to attune to all people equally, friends and enemies alike. It is in this spirit that we put together this multi-faceted paper with the following sections: Section Introduction, our post-conflict bifurcation hypotheses, described above; Section Parsing Our Hypotheses in Terms of Buddhist Concepts, Buddhist notions of the ultimate nature of mind and key processes through which ego-preserving bias can entrap the mind in universal sufferings; Section Compassion Meditation and How It Maintains Attunement to Others, Buddhist science and practice of compassion to elucidate the ultimate nature of the mind and to remove ego-preserving bias by attuning to friends, enemies, and strangers universal suffering equally; Section Incorporating Buddhist Concepts in a Bayesian Active Inference Framework, how the Buddhist notions of person can be understood in a Bayesian active inference framework that has powerfully accounted for various forms of complex adaptive systems in the literature; Section A Brain Model for the Social Cognition, Embodied Identity-Grasping Beliefs, and Compassion Meditation Effects, a putative brain model of the bifurcation of post-conflict responses. If the suffering of suffering describes an experience we wish were over, the suffering of change can be seen as its opposite. The second noble truth tells us that this very grasping, or clinging, or avoidance is the source of. Just as if they were to shoot a man with an arrow and, right afterward, were to shoot him with another one, so that he would feel the pains of two arrows; in the same way, when touched with a feeling of pain, the uninstructed run-of-the-mill person sorrows, grieves, & laments, beats his breast, becomes distraught. 51, S54S66. Interested in different types of meditation and their benefits?
Concerts In Seattle June 2023,
Funny Eulogy For A Friend,
Why Is It Called A Boston Cooler,
Birthday Parties Wausau, Wi,
Indeed Jobs North Carolina,
Articles W