Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic approachpsychological perspective concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior. Experimenter biasa phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained. -Help teachers determine whether a student has met the necessary criteria for mastery in a particular area or achieved competency on a specific reading subskill. Genderis the social definition of being male or female. Compliancemodification of our behavior at another person's request. Incentivea positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior, pulling us toward a goal. Saltatory conductionrapid conduction of impulses when the axon is myelinated since depolarizations jump from node (of Ranvier) to node. Psychologists discuss four types of motivational conflicts. Achievement teststests that measure our current mastery of a subject or specific program of study. Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT)is used as a last resort to treat severely depressed patients; involves passing small amounts of electric current through the brain to produce seizure activity and a change in affect. Reconstructionretrieval of memories often distorted by adding, dropping, or changing details to fit a schema. Archetypesaccording to Jung, a number of universal themes that are part of the collective unconscious. Traita relatively permanent and stable characteristic that can be used to predict behavior. Pituitary gland (sometimes called master gland)endocrine gland in brain that produces stimulating hormones which promote secretion by other glands, including TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone); ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), which stimulates the adrenal cortex; FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), which stimulates egg or sperm production; ADH (antidiuretic hormone), to help retain water in your body; and HGH (human growth hormone). Catharsisin Freudian psychoanalysis, the release of emotional tension after remembering or reliving an emotionally charged experience from the past; as a coping device for stress, the release of pent-up emotions through exercise or other means. Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT)a computerized image using X-rays passed through the brain to show structure and/or the extent of a lesion. Sensationthe process by which we detect physical energy from our environment and encode it as neural signals. Deindividuationloss of self-awareness and restraint resulting from immersion in a group. Are you doing it for the college credit or the high school transcript (extrinsic motivation)? ContiguityPavlovian theory that classical conditioning is based on the association in time of the CS prior to UCS. computer or machine that has been created to "think" like a human. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and an elevated level of activity compared to most other children. Development of Tests Stage 2 sleepsleep stage whose EEGs show high frequency bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles, and K complexes. On a side note, studies have shown that extrinsic motivators work well in the short run, but for long term performance, one needs intrinsic motivation. Gauge your knowledge of these tests and some examples of them by using the quiz and worksheet. Acetylcholine (ACh)a neurotransmitter that causes contraction of skeletal muscles, helps regulate heart muscles, is involved in memory, and also transmits messages between the brain and spinal cord. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)a cluster of abnormalities that occurs in babies of mothers who drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy. Divergent thinkingthinking that produces many alternatives or ideas; creativity. Visual capturedominance of vision when there is a conflict among senses. Repressionmost frequently used Freudian defense mechanism, characterized by unconscious forgetting; pushing threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind. EctomorphSheldon's body type characterized by thin, frail body, introversion, and high intelligence. Groupthinkthe tendency for individuals to censor their own beliefs to preserve the harmony of the group; lack of diversity of viewpoints that can cause disastrous results in decision making. The strength of the action potential is constant whenever it occurs. Cardinal traitdefining personality characteristic, in a small number of us, that dominates and shapes our behavior (according to Allport). In vivo desensitizationbehavior therapy for phobics; the client actually is placed in the fearful settings rather than imagining them as in systematic desensitization. Diagnostic assessments are pretests given prior to a learning segment to determine what students already know. Zygotea fertilized egg with the genetic instructions for a new individual normally contained in 46 chromosomes. Superegothe third part of Freud's personality systems which makes us feel proud when we obey its strict morality and feel guilt when we give in to the id's more pleasure-seeking urges. Achievement Test - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Farsightedtoo little curvature of the cornea and/or lens, focusing the image behind the retina so distant objects are seen more clearly than nearby objects. An example of this is the ACT or SAT, which are said to give colleges an idea of how prepared you are for college. Episodic memoriespersonal experiences that become consolidated into your long-term memory. Reticular formation (a.k.a. In the context of AP Psychology, an aptitude test is a standardized exam used to determine a student's potential to succeed in college-level coursework. Ethologistsscientists who study animal behavior and how it has evolved in different species. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners. Attentionset of perceptual processes by which you choose from among the various stimuli bombarding your senses at any instant, allowing some to be further processed by your senses and brain. For instance, graduating from 8th grade or high school is an achievement as is being selected for the football team or making a high grade in a class. EgoFreud's personality structure that is the only rational component; it serves as the mediator between the id and superego and also as the decision maker for the personality. Mere exposure effectthe formation of a positive attitude toward a person, place, or thing based solely on repeated exposure to that person, place, or thing; often used in advertising as form of subtle persuasion. Powered by Psychology Dictionary: the only Free Online Psychology Dictionary. Multiple intelligencesHoward Gardner's theory that intelligence is composed of many different factors including at least eight intelligences: logical-mathematical, verbal-linguistic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic. Generalized reinforcerssecondary reinforcers that are associated with a wide variety of other reinforcers, like money, which is almost guaranteed to be motivating. Experimental groupin a controlled experiment, the subgroup of the sample that receives the treatment or independent variable. Reality principlethe manner in which the ego delays gratification and otherwise deals with the environment in a planned rational fashion (in Freudian theory). Situational attributionsinferences that a person's behavior is caused by some temporary condition or situation the person is in. Reciprocal determinismthe characteristics of the person, the person's behavior, and the environment all affect one another in two-way causal relationships (according to Bandura). Sociocultural approachpsychological perspective concerned with how cultural differences affect behavior. Somatic nervous systemsubdivision of PNS that includes motor nerves that stimulate skeletal (voluntary) muscle. Egocentrismseeing the world from one's own perspective; the inability to see reality from the perspective of another person; characteristic of the preoperational child. Acoustic encodingthe encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. Separation anxietya set of fearful responses, such as crying, arousal, and clinging to the caregiver, that infants exhibit when the caregiver attempts to leave the infant. Evoked potentialsEEGs resulting from a response to a specific stimulus presented to the subject. Self-conceptour overall view of our abilities, behavior, and personality or what we know about ourselves. Auditory nerveaxons of neurons in the cochlea converge, transmitting sound messages through the medulla, pons, and thalamus to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobes. The ability to solve traditional academic problems, as measured by early IQ tests. Latent learninglearning when no apparent rewards are present; it becomes apparent only when there is an incentive to demonstrate it. If your instructor asked what the purpose of psychological testing is, you . Stereotype threatanxiety that influences members of a group concerned that their performance will confirm a negative stereotype. ?stress? Bipolar disordercharacterized by extreme mood swings from unusual excitement (mania) to serious depression. Sexual response cycleMasters and Johnson's four stages of bodily response during sex: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Achievement tests: Tests designed to assess current performance in an ability. Algorithmproblem-solving strategy that involves a slow, step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to certain types of problems. Frequency or wavelength determines the hue of a light wave and the pitch of a sound. ?assessments? Womb envyHorney's counterpart to penis envy of Freudian theory; male's desire to procreate. The extent to which a test accurately assesses the entire range of abilities it is designed to measure. Physiological motivationssuch as hunger, thirst, and sex. SublimationFreudian defense mechanism, expression of sexual or aggressive impulses redirected into more socially acceptable behaviors. The Psychology of Achievement You can listen to the article. Obsessive-compulsive disorderrecurrent, unwanted thoughts or ideas and compelling urges to engage in repetitive ritual-like behavior. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); PscyhologyDictionary.org. Anxietya feeling of impending doom or disaster from a specific or unknown source that is characterized by mood symptoms of tension, agitation, and apprehension; bodily symptoms of sweating, muscular tension, and increased heart rate and blood pressure; as well as cognitive symptoms of worry, rumination, and distractibility. Extravert (also extrovert)originally described by Jung, a person who exhibits the traits of sociability, and positive affect, and prefers to pay attention to the external environment. An Achievement test is an assessment of developed knowledge or skill. Predictive validitythe extent to which a test accurately forecasts a specific future result. abnormal psychology class. Anchoring effectthe tendency to be influenced by a suggested reference point, pulling our response toward that point. Achievement Test: Definition & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript So it can serve as a motivation to improve or an indicator to proceed to a higher level. Dominant genethe gene expressed when the genes for a trait are different. Standardized testsset of tasks administered under standard conditions to assess an individual's knowledge, skill, or personality characteristics. Sociobiologystudy of the biological basis of social behavior. Anorexia nervosaeating disorder more common in the adolescent female characterized by weight less than 85 percent of normal, abnormally restrictive food consumption, and an unrealistic body image that she is still fat. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency and pitch. Inhibitory neurotransmitterchemical secreted at terminal button that reduces or prevents neural impulses in the postsynaptic neuron. Achievement tests are of two major types: (a) tests used in the classroom for formative or summative assessment and (b) standardized tests, which serve many purposes, including assessment. Patients need to have complained about, taken medicine for, changed lifestyle because of, or seen a physician about the symptoms and experienced anxiety that has interfered with carrying on normal activities for 6 months.