These observations suggest that at the moment there are two active vents inside the crater, as in the 1991 episode (Nez-Corn and Sanchez, 1998); one vent is on the N side and the other is on the W side. There were hot avalanches, and eruptions were frequently visible at night from locations 20 km away. Geotherm. In several instances, sizeable (2,000 m2 ?) and extended as far as ~38 km NW. During February 2002-February 2003 the lava dome extruded effusively, but it was destroyed by the July-August 2003 explosions (BGVN 28:06 and 29:05). A strong increase in volcanic tremor at Colima caused the Scientific Committee on 18 May to evacuate hundreds of residents from several towns on the SW and SE flanks. Courtesy of Observatorio Vulcanolgico de la Universidad de Colima. Due to the threat of lahars forming on the volcano's flanks, Universidad de Colima advised avoiding the ravines of La Lumbre, San Antonio, Monte Grande (in Colima state), and La Arena (in Jalisco state). 360 panoramic view from volcano observatory (4000 m) on Nevado de Colima (4330 m), facing active Volcano de Colima (3860 m Volcano as seen from Carrizalillo Lagoon Nevado de Colima Park A color altered image of the Colima volcano from 33,000 feet The bomb itself was of solid andesite, and had fractured into several pieces on landing, but it appeared to have had an original diameter of about 40 cm. and drifted WSW. Reyes-Dvila, Hector Tamez, and Francisco Nez-Corn, CICBAS, Universidad de Colima; A. Nava, Z. Jimnez, and S. de la Cruz-Reyna, UNAM; C. Connor, FIU, Miami. The local populations were advised to avoid a long list of drainages, as well as to hand-carry important documents, and to advise authorities of those requiring help in order to secure transport in case of more extensive evacuations. A relatively large talus pile that had accumulated at the S and SE base of the dome was no longer present after the avalanche. and drifted N, S, and SSW. Ash plumes produced from these explosions did not exceed heights of 3 km above the crater and mainly drifted W. According to Universidad de Colima, during 27 July to 2 August an average of three ash-containing emissions occurred at Colima daily. Low temperatures (<60C) at the gas sampling sites were required. Observers on the flight witnessed a small explosion that ejected gas with minor ash (figure 33). Fifteen MODVOLC thermal alerts were issued. The Colima or Fuego volcano spews ash and smoke on January 23 as seen from La Yerbabuena, Colima State, Mexico. The Washington VAAC reported that a steam plume containing minor amounts of ash was recorded by the webcam rising to an altitude of 4.6 and drifting SW. Based on satellite images and wind data, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 5.8 km and drifted SW. Based on information from the Mexico City MWO and webcam views, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 6.1 km and drifted W. Based on satellite and webcam images, the Washington VAAC reported that on 17 July an ash emission rose to an altitude of 4.9 km, drifted just over 10 km NW, and quickly dissipated. Colima residents heard the explosive discharge loudly; they also felt low vibrations in the ground and watched window glass shake. Based on information from the Mxico City MWO, the Washington VAAC reported an emission from Colima on 27 May at 2014. on 4 February. Courtesy of Juan Carlos Gavilanes, Abel Cortes, and Carlos Navarro Ochoa. The 6th, on the W side of the cone, could not be measured, because repeated rock avalanches from the dome made it extremely hazardous to approach this side of the mountain. During15-31 August, small explosions produced low-level ash plumes. and drifted 20-45 km W and E. On 2 November ash emissions drifted NNE. The first and largest of the earthquakes was accompanied by enhanced fumarolic activity. The largest, accompanied by pyroclastic flows, were particularly vigorous from 24 May to 5 June. Petrographical and chemical analyses were conducted on recent rock samples from Volcn de Colima at the Instituto de Geofsica, UNAM. The aircraft used were provided by the Mexican Navy (on three surveys) and the Colima Civil Protection authorities (on two surveys). However, the numbers of impacts per unit area decreased as distance from the volcano increased. Other activity at the volcano had decreased significantly. Footage from five drone overflights conducted on 22 May showed fumarolic activity on the inner wall of the NE part of the crater and a new small explosion crater near the center of the main crater. According to news articles, residents up to 20 km away reported a loud noise, shaking ground, and rattling windows at about 0400. Information Contacts: Juan Carlos Gavilanes Ruiz, Carlos Navarro Ochoa, Abel Corts Corts, Ricardo Sauced Girn, Juan Jos Ramrez Ruiz, Eliseo Alatorre Chvez, and Vyacheslav Zobin, Colima Volcano Observatory, Universidad de Colima, Ave. 25 de Julio 965, Colima 28045, Colima, Mxico; Jean-Christophe Komorowski, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Observatoires Volcanologiques, 4 Place Jussieu, Boite 89, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France; Enrique Tello, Gerencia de Geotermia de la Comisin Federal de Electricidad, Morelia, Michoacn, Mxico; Yuri Taran, Instituto de Geofsica, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mxico D.F., Mxico; Andrew M. Burton and Duggins Wroe, OCEAN, 22 de Diciembre no.1, Col. M.A. An accumulation of 36.6 g of ash was measured during the first hour within a 1 m2 area at La Yerbabuena. Transcribed by Old Weather (www.oldweather.org), 2015. Fumarolic activity from three sites on the dome is watched by telescope from Ciudad Guzmn, 20 km NE. During 10-15 November, block-lava flows continued to travel down Colima's N, W, NW, and S flanks as they have since 30 September. A total of 670 evacuees remained in temporary shelters. Founded close to the coast in 1523 by an envoy sent by the conquistador Hernn Corts, Colima was later moved to its present location. The explosion crater, which remained 70-80 m deep, grew in diameter by a few tens of meters, leaving it 220-230 m across. In: Ida Y, Voight B (eds) J. Volcanol. Ash plumes produced from explosions on 6 December drifted primarily NE. On 6 September a strong ash emission resulted in an ash cloud that rose to ~6.7 km and drifted N. Ash was not visible on satellite imagery, but a second ash emission on 8 September was visible on the Colima video camera. NCV: Nevado de Colima Volcano, CV: Colima Volcano. A COSPEC flight on 16 July revealed a significant drop in SO2 output, from 260 80 metric tons/day (t/d) on 22 January, to almost undetectable levels. The volume in the distal debris fans is estimated at about 74,000 m3, giving a total estimated volume of 149,000 m3 compared to the 495,000 m3 of the 25 June 1991 El Cordobn lahar deposit (16:04). Colima City Colima, Mexico. A later observatory report also noted that a significant explosion took place at 1228 on 12 June 2004. | September A news article stated that an ash plume rose 600 m, and then later that day (at 1800) an ash plume rose 2.5 km. Information Contacts: Observatorio Vulcanolgico de la Universidad de Colima, Colima, Col., 28045, Mxico. Five lahars descended the Montegrande ravine. They resumed on 14 February, and were intermittent for the rest of the month with similar altitudes and drift directions as those observed during January, but at a slightly lower frequency, decreasing towards the end of the month. a) Mean velocity obtained for the descending track 384. b) Mean velocity obtained for the descending track 155. c) Mean velocity obtained for the ascending track 48. d) Residual mean velocity for the descending track 384. e) Residual mean velocity for the descending track 155. f) Residual mean velocity for the ascending track 48. and drifted NNE. The other two stations (at Nevado de Colima and Barranca La Arena), 6 km N and 9 km S of the summit, were vandalized or otherwise disturbed. After reviewing video footage of the eruption, the observatory concluded that the ash cloud produced from the eruption rose ~2 km above the volcano at an average velocity of 200 meters/second (m/s). Explosions had excavated parts of the crater, exposing the inner wall stratigraphy in the W and N parts of the crater. and drifted E. Later that day an ash plume drifted almost 85 km E before dissipating. Reports of this activity from Ciudad Guzmn and Colima have been alarming the inhabitants of the region. During the remainder of February and into March, landslides and incandescent avalanches continued to travel down the S, SW and W flanks, extending 2-3 km from the summit. On 12 May the Centro Universitario de Estudios e Investigaciones de Vulcanologia - Universidad de Colima reported that during the previous week seismic data revealed 26 high-frequency events, 21 long-period events, 2.5 hours of tremor, 12 landslides, and three low-intensity explosions. Occasional major explosive eruptions have destroyed the summit (most recently in 1913) and left a deep, steep-sided crater that was slowly refilled and then overtopped by lava dome growth. Total seismic activity and the number of Merapi-type avalanches decreased significantly in September, but rose in October, with seismicity returning to near August levels. Robin C, Boudal C, 1987. Tremor associated with emissions was relatively low and no significant deformation was detected. During the last two weeks in June, seismicity remained relatively constant, with no additional large avalanche episodes detected. The Washington VAAC reported intermittent ash emissions from Colima on 21 January: an ash puff drifted S at an altitude of 4.9 km (16,000 ft) a.s.l., a second ash puff drifted SSW, and a third ash puff drifted S. The Washington VAAC reported that at 0730 on 17 November a possible ash emission from Colima produced a plume that drifted almost 20 km E. The Washington VAAC reported that between 2315 and 2345 on 9 November a bright thermal anomaly over Colima was detected in satellite images. COSPEC measurements suggested that SO2 was being emitted at a rate of perhaps 8 t/d. Once the dome filled the crater a small lava flow traveled toward the W. Fourteen lahars occurred during the rainy season. Nature, 265: 724-725. 4, p. 659-669. A strong thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images. The wind directions were more variable than earlier in the year, but the plumes drifted generally to the N and W. There were 15 MODVOLC thermal anomaly pixels in August, but only five more for the rest of the year. Avalanches of ash and gas from the summit were followed soon after by lava flows and more ash and steam from the caldera. Persisting lava dome growth into at least mid-2009. Max VEI: 2, 1795 Mar - 1795 Sep Three lava flows generating significant thermal anomalies formed on the WNW and SW flanks in September and November. Based on reports from the Mexico City MWO and satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Colima on 30 November reached an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. New lava was first observed on the dome 1 March. Reddish dust and gas were emitted some time later, accompanied by explosions heard within 5 km of the volcano. a Morphotectonic map of the Colima Volcanic Complex (NC = Nevado de Colima volcano; FC = Fuego de Colima volcano) and Colima Rift with the main tectonic and volcano-tectonic structures (modified from Norini et al. Based on satellite images, wind data, webcam images, and notices from the Mexico City MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that during 20-22 and 25 April ash plumes from Colima rose to altitudes of 4.9-6.7 km (16,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l. A steep-walled vent ~ 50 m across occupied the center of the dome, which was ~ 150 m in diameter and reached a height of ~ 50 m above the crater rim. Ash emission continued at Colima during 29 June to 5 July. This may be caused by fracturing associated with the the recent increase in shallow seismic activity at Colima, allowing magmatic gases to reach the aquifer system. The flow advanced about 2,500 m in 60 days. Seismicity recorded by four portable seismographs increased dramatically beginning on 12 April, saturating records; avalanche signals and both A-and B-type events were detected. Ash plumes on 30 March also drifted W. Based on satellite images, Mexico City MWO, webcam images, and METAR notices, the Washington VAAC reported that during 18-24 March daily ash plumes from Colima rose to altitudes of 4.9-8.2 km (16,000-27,000 ft) a.s.l. During 1900-2000 on 7 July, the seismic station closest to the W flank (SOMA, 1.7 km NW from the summit) registered strong, continuous mass wasting and later, during 2200-2300, a relatively strong volcanic event. A group of late-Pleistocene cinder cones is located on the floor of the Colima graben west and east of the complex. and extended ~30 km NE, while the other plume reached ~4.5 km a.s.l. On 2 July at about 1050 a large Merapi-type avalanche occurred from the S and SE base of the summit lava dome. In the course of fieldwork, Luhr and Navarro had spent the night of 9-10 February at a small cabin on the N side of Nevado de Colima, 9 km N of the active volcano (the Jalisco State civil protection hut); they too were abruptly awakened by the explosion. It stood ~115 m across its base, ~57 m across its top, ~30 m high, and was ~0.15 x 106 m3 in volume. Based on satellite images, Mexico City MWO, and a webcam, the Washington VAAC reported that multiple gas-and-ash plumes per day rose to altitudes of 5.2-7.6 km and drifted in multiple directions. Eruption decreases; E-flank lava flow slows. This dome growth was accompanied by 3-5 small explosions daily. Its typical massive lowermost zone (0.6 m thick), locally well-sorted, has a concentration of blocks (to 0.5 m size) and wood fragments at the base, a prominent clast-supported medial zone (0.7 m thick) with imbricated sub-rounded boulders (to 0.3 m), and an uppermost massive unit (0.8 m) with a tendency toward reverse grading of lithic cobbles, supported in a sandy matrix. Citing large eruptions in the past, La Coordinacin Nacional de Proteccin Civil enforced a preventative evacuation within 12 km of the crater. The rate of magma extrusion increased sharply in October 2001 (figure 49), and by the end of January 2002, the total volume of the dome was estimated as 1,450,000 m3. Some plumes have been detected by satellite imagery. During 26-31 October, several small eruptions occurred at Colima, with ash plumes rising as high as ~6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. A 3 June aerial inspection verified that no new summit crater has been formed, but did record a recent increase in the size of the crater formed during the 10 February and 10 May explosions. | October Based on satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that ash plumes from Colima drifted NW on 26 April. Based on satellite images, the Mexico City MWO, and seismic data, the VAAC noted that during 20-21 September ash plumes rose to altitudes of 5.5-6.7 km (18,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. In accord with these advances, the number of incandescent blocks escaping both near the summit and at the lava fronts increased. Max VEI: 2 (? Several explosions occurred daily. Ash dispersal was limited to ~7 km from the summit. and drifted E and SE. While the number of explosions decreased significantly from July to December 2014, the intensity of some of the larger explosions recorded during November-December was significant (figure 110, bottom). Since their last visit, in May 1989, rockfall avalanches have occurred preferentially on the SW flank. and drifted E. Based on information from Colima Towers and the Mexico City MWO, and webcam and satellite views, ash plumes rose to an altitude of 5.2 km (17,000 ft) a.s.l. and E, ENE, and NE. The lava flow advancing on the NW flank is at least 600 m long by 200 m at its widest part. The volcano is one of the westernmost volcanoes in Mexico's Volcanic Axis, which straddles the country from west to east. ; ash emissions drifted 15-140 km NE, ENE, E, and SE. Due to the presence of new ash on the flanks of the volcano, seasonal heavy rains, and the subsequent threat of lahars forming, Universidad de Colima advised avoiding the ravines of La Lumbre, San Antonio, Monte Grande (in Colima state), and La Arena (in Jalisco state) throughout this interval. At the end of October, a spine-type extrusion, 60 m high, formed on the N part of the dome (BGVN 26:10). Confirmed Eruption, 0540 150 years On 28 September, intensive fumarolic activity began in the crater, forming a 500-m-high column of white gas. Confirmed Eruption Still, it was possible to collect samples of the lava flow. Res., 191: 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.01.011. Gabriel Reyes, Juan Jos Ramrez, and Yuri Taran noted that fumarolic gases monitored during previous years may have also shown precursory variations in chemical composition and temperature. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume that rose 3 km drifted 55 km NE. Multiple, sometimes continuous ash-and-steam emissions. Incandescent lava avalanches, generated from the fronts of block-lava flows, continued to travel 2-3 km down Colima's S, SW, and W flanks, and also sporadically traveled down the volcano's E flank. Channels 1 (surface temperature) and 2 retained relatively high temperatures after this event for the remainder of the sampling period, while channels 3 and 4 remained comparatively steady.".
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