7d). Rev Suisse Zool. Musculoskeletal system development: want to learn more about it? In front, the cartilaginous plates were continuous with the unpaired mesethmoid; i.e., the nasal septum [91]. Comparable chondrocranial stages of six birds. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. In Spheniscus [47], only a rudimentary planum antorbitale was developed and formed an incomplete posterior wall. In one of the earliest descriptions of the development of a bird chondrocranium, the need for changes of the terminology used in earlier work was already pointed out [58]. To study and reconstruct the chondrification sequences, we applied the continuous analysis method [106] in Mesquite version 3.61 software. Brock GT. Terminology and definition have an influence on how the descriptions are understood and interpreted, leading to ambiguities. It was assumed that the manifestation of the infrapolar process is related to the degree of cranial flexure, which was described to be more pronounced in Struthio and Spheniscus, while the process was less developed compared to other birds [25, 47, 65]. The sequence of chondrification is largely conserved in birds, but with some variation in most regions. 7b) in Gallus [21, 64], Spheniscus [47], and Phalacrocorax [61]. The cartilaginous part of the neurocranium forms the base of the skull. Situated ventrally to the canalicular part of the otic capsule, the metotic cartilage (Fig. In Struthio [65], the appearance of trabeculae was described as simultaneous with the acrochordal cartilage (Fig. In contrast to crocodilians [11], a cupola anterior (Figs. 8)), the interorbital septum (Coturnix [75], Dromaius [45](p. 189 Abb. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051040205. Lectures on the elements of comparative anatomy. de Kock JM. Differences in chondrocranial morphology across birds also concern the shape and proportion of structures. 13a, Table 3). The third phalangeal and metacarpal or metatarsal bones are almost always absent, resulting in the possible fusion of the adjacent digits. Structures derived from the chondrocranium include components of the occipital bone, the sphenoid bone, and the ethmoid bone,specificallythe: The viscerocranium is mainly formed by the first two pharyngeal arches. Terminology of the processes of the trabecular-polar region and their presumed homology [25, 47, 48, 50, 64]. The summary of works on avian chondrocranial development, covered more than a century, and a comparison of the chondrification sequence among birds could be conducted. Details of the nasal capsule and turbinals in Euplectes orix in a lateral view of an older state and in b ventral view of an earlier stage of development. EH wrote the manuscript with input from MRS-V and IW. Trans Zool Soc London. Zoology. Evolution and development of the bird chondrocranium. A similar continuity between the two fenestrae was described for the sparrow Passer sp. 103,116) corresponds to another feature, to an interorbital septum. Also, de Beer [11] emphasized that the parachordal cartilage of many birds is strictly speaking not a paired structure. 2019;100(4):37688. The trabeculae are the first chondrocranial elements that appear in the prechordal region [81]. Similar caution and testing are required for some patterns of less inclusive clades such as in the formation of anterior orbital cartilage from the trabeculae and the prenatal process from the nasal septum, which have only been described in palaeognaths and some Galloanserae, as well as the case of the missing concha nasalis in Passeriformes (Fig. Sonies [64] mentioned that the differences in his findings were most likely due to differences in the method used. The development of the skull of Chalcides ocellatus. 13b, Table 4). This issue could not be avoided, because of the use of data from different sources. I. the development of the chondrocranium. Ossification of the vertebrae begins at the seventh gestational week, but only ends during the second decade of adulthood. Studies on the ontogeny of Streptopelia senegalensis aegyptiaca. Chondrification occurs while the sternal bars migrate medially. CAS 10b). The Chondrocranium and the Development of the Skull in Recent Reptiles. The difference in the described mode of formation of the prenasal process (Table 3) seems not to influence its relative early or late appearance (Fig. New insight on the anatomy and architecture of the avian neurocranium. Correspondence to and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! In Neoaves, the fenestrae of the nasal septum are present, whereas those of the interorbital septum are missing in some species (Fig. In limbs, myoblasts migrate to the limb buds and surround the primordial limb bones. Variation and development of the turtle chondrocranium, with a Tokita M. The skull development of parrots with special reference to the emergence of a morphologically unique Cranio-facial hinge. V. Report on the Development of the Green Turtle (Chelone viridis, Schneider). Spina bifida involves the failure of vertebral arches to fuse, thus generally exposing the spinal cord in the sacral region. Nat Commun. Nevertheless, chondrification of the otic capsule started late compared to the other birds (Fig. 7a, b) contains the semicircular canals. Musculoskeletal anatomy is fascinating since it gives us insights as to how our body utilizes our muscles, bones, and joints to give us the ability to navigate in the world. The presence of a prenasal process in birds is explained by a posterior displacement of the cupula anterior and the elongated premaxilla [50]. J Basic Appl Zool. The prenasal process (Fig. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 1993. p. 391437. 2019;234(6):899916. The late appearance of the nasal septum in Meleagris [37] can be explained by the described stage of development, which is already well advanced. Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. 11b) were the last elements of the avian chondrocranium that chondrify (Fig. 1958;39(2-3):11599. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. Sc. Chondrocranium https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60555-0. Early development of the chondrocranium in Chrysichthys auratus See more. pubic symphysis). 9), first named by Suschkin [48] as Supratrabecula, is situated dorsal to the polar cartilage, and together they form the foramen for the ophthalmic artery (Fig. They were mostly described as being attached to the ventral surface of the occipital basal plate [48, 51, 65, 69], situated between the myomers [47, 49, 50, 69], and being continuous with prolongations of the mesenchymal myocommata [49, 50]. Together with the pharyngeal skeleton, it comprises These issues were taken into consideration when assessing differences across species. In Euplectes, Engelbrecht [50] found that a homologous process is absent due to the difference in the process of formation and named the structure that bordered the lateral carotid foramen infracarotid commissure. In Streptopelia [55], the acrochordal cartilage was reduced to a thin strip of cartilage, but the basicranial fenestra remained separate from the hypophyseal fenestra. 5, Table 2). New light on the origin of birds and crocodiles. In Gallus, the differences in the described formation of the fenestra ovalis may have an influence on the sequence. Google Scholar. The tectum posterius was described to be well developed, while the tectum synoticum was incomplete, and still the possibility that the tectum posterius was a part of the tectum synoticum was not precluded. 10a). 1987. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72578-4. To better understand the evolution and development of the amniote cranium, it is necessary to examine non-avian, non-mammalian embryos. 1891;5:21344. suggests convergent evolution between paleognathous and neognathous birds. Webby Elise Kova Alfred D. Decelles .. Read Leo Tolstoy books online Want to Read saving Read Free Library Books Online Millions of books available through Controlled Digital Lending The Development Of The Chondrocranium Of Melopsittacus Undulatus ( Advances In Anatomy, Embryology And Cell Biology, Vol 104)| Johannes M Dekock The latter does not run parallel with the ossification sequence [11]. 9). Only characters for which there is no ambiguity in homologization were considered. 7b, c) develops between the eyes and the nasal capsule (Figs. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22747. In Spheniscus [47], Melopsittacus [49], and Gallus [69], several cartilaginous states were described, and in all of them, the tectum was cartilaginous at the same time as chondrification of the atrioturbinal started. & Snchez-Villagra, M.R. In crocodilians, the fenestration of the interorbital septum was reported as missing (Crocodylus [66], Melanosuchus [72], Caiman [19]). First mentioned for the marine turtle Chelonia mydas (Chelone viridis) as a mesenchymal element [85], the intertrabecula was reported in some crocodilians too (the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis [86, 87], Crocodylus [21], Caiman [19]). https://doi.org/10.1080/00445096.1972.11447457. Together with the anteriorly located acrochordal cartilage (Fig. If this article peaks your interest, you probably have a solid foundation in this topic and are ready to take your knowledge to the next level. We were not able to circumvent the lack of comparable stages, since we used the data from different sources. We avoid this difficulty by considering only elements in which chondrification has been explicitly mentioned. 2014;5:19. Mickoleit G. Phylogenetische Systematik der Wirbeltiere. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. Nero RW. The fully formed chondrocranium and the osteocranium of a late embryo. 2012; The Egyptian German Society for Zoology. Several heterochronic shifts in the timing of development of the chondocranium and associated structures (e.g., nerves, muscles) and in the ossification . De Beer and Barrington [46] were the first who noticed the occurrence of two additional processes in this region. Hppi, E., Werneburg, I. 8). 4 and 8). https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051050104. 13b, Table 4) and the atrioturbinal in the hoazin (Fig. WebThe Development Of The Chondrocranium Of Gallus Gallus ( Advances In Anatomy, Embryology And Cell Biology)| Willie Vorster, The Memoirs Of General Turner Ashby And His Compeers|Rev. 2002;252(2):13144. The infrapolar process is a feature shared with crocodilians (Crocodylus [66], Alligator [86], Mecistops [20], Caiman [19, 22]) (Table 1). By the tenth gestational week , they fuse in cranial-to-caudal sequence at the midline and form the cartilage model of the manubrium, the sternal body, and the xiphoid process. Kenhub. In Neoaves, the interorbital septum chondrified slightly earlier than in Galloanserae. Cells in the ventromedial part of the somite form the sclerotome. Evolution and development of the bird chondrocranium | Frontiers in Zoology | Full Text Review Open Access Published: 29 April 2021 Evolution and Werneburg I, Maier W, Joyce WG. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.16.803. 2005;208(17):340919. 7c, d and 9) originates at the ventral edge of the polar cartilage and connects the trabeculae with the basal plate ([46, 64] (Fig. Acta Zool. The segmentation and Chondrification of the skull of the duck. This results in the recruitment of osteoblasts, the differentiation of certain invading cells into hematopoietic cells (blood cells of the bone marrow), and the restriction of proliferating chondrocytes towards the distal ends of the cartilage model (epiphyses). They are generally light brown, with darker brown spots on the back. 10a). (PDF) Evolution and development of the bird chondrocranium The intertrabecula (Fig. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2012.10.005. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10644. development This concordance has been discussed as supporting a closer relationship of birds and crocodilians to each other than to other sauropsids [18, 19, 21]. The method used influences how different modes of development and anatomical specializations or commonalities are identified. 1951;63:848. In Neoaves, the basicranial fenestra formed slightly earlier than in Galloanserae (Fig. It presents a consensus of several molecular studies. The infrapolar process as an outgrowth of the basitrabecular process was also described in Phalacrocorax [61] and Passer [11]. In contrast, for Melanosuchus it was reported that the trabeculae chondrified before the elements of the basal plate [72], which is also true for the ancestral sequence of bird chondrification (Fig. Stellenbosch. Lovette IJ, Bermingham E, Ricldefs RE. 2006;56:50318. In Phalacrocorax [61] and Spheniscus [47], the process was described as a prolongation of the trabecula communis. Corfield JR, Eisthen HL, Iwaniuk AN, Parsons S. Anatomical specializations for enhanced olfactory sensitivity in kiwi, Apteryx mantelli. Posteriorly, it is continuously connected to the nasal septum. Yaryhin O, Werneburg I. Tracing the developmental origin of a lizard skull: Chondrocranial architecture, heterochrony, and variation in lacertids. 10a) is a characteristic of birds. Likewise, some Neognathae had only one chondrification centre. El-Toubi MR, Kamal AM. 6b). 10b). Vorster [69] and Parker [58] described the formation as a process of resorption, whereas Sonies [64] described the fenestra as a fissure that remained after the fusion of the canalicular and cochlear part of the otic capsule. Biol Reptil. Thus, each vertebra develops from two adjacent sclerotomes rather than from one sclerotome. 2019;69:299310. The formation of the fenestra basicranialis posterior (Fig. 2005;264(1):3452. Birds exhibit an enormous diversity in adult skull shape (disparity), while their embryonic chondrocrania are considered to be conserved across species. The different names for the same process refer to its origin, namely the posterior end of trabecular-polar bar. 1972;237(5353):25763. We compare patterns of chondrification among ten bird species and five outgroup representatives, and we discuss homology and variation in the morphology of their chondrocrania and those of eleven other bird species. Both authors used whole-mount staining. Functional anatomy of the olfactory system in 23 orders of birds. In Opisthocomus [83], the intertrabecula was mentioned in a late stage shortly before hatching, namely a stage, in which the intertrabecula is normally no longer distinguishable. The skull can be divided in two parts: the neurocranium that forms a protective case around the brain, and the viscerocranium that forms the skeleton of the face. Development 11a) were absent (Struthio [45, 65] or not reported (Apteryx [57], Dromaius [28, 45, 56], Rhea [45, 56]). On the development of the chondrocranium and the histological Understanding the development of a skull deformity requires an understanding of the normal morphogenesis of the cranium. However, it has been questioned that slight histological differences between the two structures [11, 47, 49, 64, 69, 74] justify the definition as an independent element [21, 48]. Only a smaller part of the variation in the static chondrocranial morphology of birds relates to the absence of fenestrae and turbinals, and few variation relate to the presence of additional elements such as the intertrabecula or roof elements (Fig. Only in Phalacrocorax [61], the basicranial fenestra formed before the trabeculae and much earlier compared to the formation in the other bird (Fig. 2018;279(8):105887. Anat Anz. The fenestra of primary origin is filled with diffuse mesenchyme [61], whereas the secondarily formed fenestra is covered with a thin layer of connective tissue [48, 50, 69]. Following the cartilages of the basal plate, the trabeculae chondrified next (Fig. The detailed description he gave is consistent with the development described in other birds. Chondrocranium Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster Some of the patterns may simply reflect missing information about species. The cranial anatomy of early ontogenetic stages of Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1802) and the significance of some of its cranial structures for the evolution of tetrapods. 2009;292(3):36470. Malformations of the skull include cranioschisis and craniosynostosis. A high interorbital septum (Fig. 4) constitutes the posterior part of the basal plate. In other archosaurs, such as the slender-snouted crocodile Mecistops cataphractus (Crocodylus cataphractus) [20] and the saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus (Crocodylus biporcatus) [66], the parachordal cartilage is described as a continuous element, whereas in the alligator Caiman yacare paired [19] and unpaired [22] cartilaginous states were described. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716437115. Development of the limbs thus proceed proximodistally. For homologous structures, various anatomical terms were used by authors in the last two centuries (Table S3, Additional file 3). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Development of the prechordal region in Anas platyrhynchos [46]. 1866;156:11383. Article In Gallus [64, 69], the suprapolar cartilage was fused to the polar cartilage when it appeared, whereas in Melopsittacus [49], the suprapolar cartilage was first attached to the ventral surface of the pila antotica (Figs. The prechordal and perichordal regions of the chondrocranium are connected between the trabeculae and the basal plate by several processes (Fig. [25, 45, 56, 65], the information about the presence of the posterior basicranial fenestra is contradictory (Table4). (Ed. Schultze MS. Untersuchungen ber den Bau der Nasenschleimhaut, namentlich die Structur und Endigungsweise der Geruchsnerven bei dem Mensch und den Wirbelthieren; 1862. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.06.008. At puberty, five secondary ossification centers appear in the vertebrae: one at the tip of the spinous process, one at the tip of each transverse process, and one on both the superior and inferior rim of the vertebral body. The presphenoid was formed of paired plates growing out of the trabeculae and which were initially separated by dense fibrous tissue. Endochondral ossification underlies the formation of the base of the skull , some bones of the face, the bones of the limbs and girdles, the vertebral column, the ribs, and the sternum. The next element that started to chondrify was the interorbital septum (Fig. In Phalacrocorax [61], the mesenchymal anlage of the parachordal cartilage was more advanced than the otic capsule. Bellairs A dA. Chondrocranial variation among birds is present but relates to developmental patterns rather than the presence or absence of specific elements. Further cell death in the interdigital spaces are what creates the separation of the digits. The chondrocranial features were coded as present when authors reported first signs of chondrification or mentioned the character as being cartilaginous, or when a cartilaginous feature was illustrated, whereas fenestrations were coded as present when they were reported to be formed, or when formation through resorption started. Premature closure of the sagittal suture can result in a long and narrow skull due to frontal and occipital expansions. Tracing the developmental origin of a lizard skull: Chondrocranial At their rostral ends, the trabeculae merge continuously into the trabecula communis (Fig. In crocodiles, the nasal septum developed as an outgrowth of the trabecula communis (Caiman [19, 22]), and was not fenestrated (Melanosuchus [72]). Moreover, we critically considered the developmental morphology of the chondrocrania of 21 bird species and examined whether the diversity in adult skull shape Development and tissue origins of the mammalian cranial base Zeitschrift fr wissenschaftliche Zool. Development pterygoideus basisphenoidei [45], although a connection to the quadrate was missing and the fusion to the basal plate was described. J Mammal. To analyse the variation among bird chondrocrania in a phylogenetic framework, we mapped the differences of the chondrocranium and the diverging modes of structure development (Tables 3 and 4) on a given molecular tree (Fig. In others, the two elements were, although continuous, still distinguishable from each other (Gallus [64, 69], Phalacrocorax [61]) or chondrified as independent elements (Sturnus, Anas [64], Coturnix [75]).
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