Intrinsic factors may or may not include diabetes, skin diseases, poor nutrition, or vascular diseases, among others. Sci. Pooled associations with HRT use was obtained for lentigines (pOR 1.49, 95% CI 0.59, 3.78) and wrinkling (pOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.17, 1.34) (see Fig. Dobos, G. et al. 16, 305308 (1965). A pilot study. Scientific Reports https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.12.038 (2019). CAS https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.1o072.x (2002). https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31819c4d42 (2009). Another study also found that sleep deprivation led to a perceived increase in facial signs, including hanging eyelids and wrinkling86. Nutrients https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030870 (2020). Google Scholar. This review focussed primarily on odds ratios. The weather can have a significant impact on skin condition: Sunlight. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afj031 (2006). Impairments in Skin Integrity - PubMed 40, 502515. Google Scholar. 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All authors read and approved the manuscript. Extrinsic skin ageing in German, Chinese and Japanese women manifests differently in all three groups depending on ethnic background, age and anatomical site. Attention was paid to the phrases changes to the skin, and aging. Cosmet. Dermatol. 143, 397402. PubMed 2023 May 11;28(10):4034. doi: 10.3390/molecules28104034. Dermatol. BMJ 345, e5909. 34, 5458. The same has also been documented for aging between individuals of different origins. Venereol. [1] Understanding the influence of these factors can help shape and inform a wound care assessment, treatment plan, and prognosis. Notably, the term pigmentation often referred to changes in pigmentation, dyspigmentation, or the formation of pigment spots; we henceforth refer to this phenotype as dyspigmentation. Outcomes quantified using digital image analysis were also included. These articles examined outcomes linked to skin aging by articles from the primary search and reported risk factor associations but did not necessarily link the outcomes to skin aging themselves. Acad. Google Scholar. J. Investig. Smoking was categorised as smoking status or smoking exposure. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01573-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01573-z. & Kottner, J. 155, 473478. Model 3 and 4: Ernster et al.36 adjusted for age, BMI, and smoking status. Pigment Cell Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(00)90008-2 (2000). Epidemiological evidence that indoor air pollution from cooking with solid fuels accelerates skin aging in Chinese women. ADS 41, 425436. Skin aging was also assessed as an outcome comprising a collection of phenotypes (n=7): overall skin aging using SCINEXA27, perceived age28,29, or photoaging20,30,31,32. & Schikowski, T. Lentigine formation in Caucasian women-interaction between particulate matter and solar UVR. J. Dermatol. Indoor PM2.5 exposure affects skin aging manifestation in a Chinese population. Gender differences in skin aging and the changing profile of the sex hormones with age. Conversely, articles with no clear definition of skin aging generally listed skin aging signs attributable to skin aging, or factors influencing skin aging. Genetics Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. J. Dermatol. Photoimmunol. Clin. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12558 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.143.3.397 (2007). PubMed Sleep 36, 13551360. Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2009.303 (2009). A. Some studies examined specific races or genders, while others were nationwide cohort studies (e.g., NHANES). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 32, 330339. Factors Affecting Wound Healing - PMC - National Center for Sample sizes and subject characteristics varied between studies, with samples sizes ranging from 24 females only17, to 20,295 males and females from the NHANES study18. In several studies, the number of respondents and number of subject data used in statistical analysis differed; the number of subjects included in statistical analysis, if reported, was extracted, and considered as the sample size. 19, 279287. Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S44686 (2013). Ekiz, O. et al. Epidemiologic determinants of skin photoaging: Baseline data of the SU.VI.MAX. Hemostasis is a natural wound healing process by clotting. What is Intrinsic Ageing? | Skin Ageing | SkinCeuticals - NGLORA Fuks, K. B. et al. Belvedere R, Novizio N, Eletto D, Porta A, Di Maio U, Petrella A. Dermatol. Sci. 62, 138140. Agrigoroaei, S., Lee-Attardo, A. Changes in Skin Condition in Relation to Degree of Exposure to Ultraviolet Light 145 (School of Biology, Western Australian Institute of Technology, 1980). Int. 5d). Moreover, interaction of sun exposure and skin phototype as determinants of skin colour further complicates the categorisation of skin colour and confounds associations with skin aging phenotypes, particularly in studies that did not explicitly differentiate constitutive and facultative pigmentation. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000004513. The risk factors of skin aging have been studied previously, using methods of quantifying skin aging. Here, the importance of age in skin aging was underscored, and supported an earlier finding that Chinese have exhibit lower wrinkling severity below 40years old but show accelerated skin aging from 40 to 50years old43. Dermatol. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The aging process in the skin is complex and influenced by more intrinsic and extrinsic factors than any other body organ. Article (a) Forest plot for skin aging and current smoking (non-smoking as reference). Cancer 41, 2844. 425, 3541. Dermatol. Functional MC1R-gene variants are associated with increased risk for severe photoaging of facial skin. The search term for all databases included skin aging or skin ageing in the title or abstract, and risk, or protective, or epidemiology in all index fields. Yaar, M., Eller, M. S. & Gilchrest, B. Overall, most methods of outcome quantification entailed visual assessment by clinicians or researchers according to arbitrary grading scales (Supplementary Table 1), such as the Daniell wrinkling scale33 and the Beagley-Gibson grading scale for SSM26, both of which were used recurrently in different studies. Martires, K. J., Fu, P., Polster, A. M., Cooper, K. D. & Baron, E. D. Factors that affect skin aging: A cohort-based survey on twins. This chapter discusses in detail all the various factors that affect the process of skin aging. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). J. Effect of age, gender, and sun exposure on ethnic skin photoaging: Evidence gathered using a new photonumeric scale. Acad. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5122(97)00087-x (1998). Acad. Yet, a formally agreed definition of skin aging and its signs is still lacking. Studies indicate that aging male and female skin differs in type, consistency and sensitivity to external factors. Beggs funnel plots and Eggers test were used to assess publication bias; Eggers test was only performed for meta-analysis of more than 2 studies. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097). Extrinsic ageing, on the other hand, is a result of lifestyle and environmental factors. Although there was no evidence that skin aging phenotypes examined herewith were responsible for functional impairment of the skin nor increased mortality per se, they are nonetheless indicators of histological changes that may contribute to functional impairment of the skin89,90. 33, 13631368. Perner, D. et al. Skin ageing | DermNet Although the focus was on modifiable epidemiological factors (extrinsic aging), intrinsic aging factors were included due to their potential interaction or confounding effects with extrinsic factors. https://doi.org/10.1159/000342344 (2013). . Use of sunscreen and risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (b) Forest plots for more than 2h/day of sun exposure and wrinkling (compared with less than 2h/day of sun exposure). Sun exposure. Sci. Clin. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Nonetheless, significant associations were reported for sunscreen use with lower perceived age68 and reduced degree of photoaging30. Cutaneous photodamage in Koreans: Influence of sex, sun exposure, smoking, and skin color. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.07.006 (2013). PubMed https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.047 (2019). Book https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.080 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1093/asjof/ojab019 (2021). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in The hand-search process was repeated for results from the secondary search to ensure a thorough record was obtained (see Fig. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000109 (2012). Intrinsic ageing is an inevitable, genetically determined process that occurs naturally and is affected by the degenerative effects of free radicals, hormonal shifts and the body's inability to perfectly repair skin damage . Thus, literature cited by eligible articles from the initial search were retrieved and screened; this citation screening process constituted a secondary literature search. Am. Nagata, C. et al. Chem. Rep. 7, 15329. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15295-8 (2017). 25, 751760. Investig. Lee, C. M., Watson, R. E. B. & Tsuji, T. Skin aging induced by ultraviolet exposure and tobacco smoking: evidence from epidemiological and molecular studies. Arch. Despite the heterogeneity between studies, a healthier dietary intake appears to be associated with less severe skin aging appearance: fatty acids were significantly associated with lower likelihood of dryness, photoaging, and lower SSM score61,62,65; increased vegetable consumption was significantly associated with decreased wrinkling and lower SSM score64,65; the Dutch Healthy Diet Index (DHDI) was associated with decrease wrinkling63. 151, 111122. Dermatology 222, 7480. sun damage Funnel plots, often asymmetrical, and Eggers test p-values indicated that there was often significant publication bias across all outcomes (Supplementary Figs. Acad. Q.Y.A.W. (c) Forest plot for skin aging and being a smoker (ever smoking or smoker = yes), with non-smoker as reference. Google Scholar. Wound healing is a complex, dynamic process supported by a myriad of cellular events that must be tightly coordinated to efficiently repair damaged tissue. J. Cosmet. 4). Forming an interface between the human body and the external environment, the human skin is constantly subject to both chronologically and environmentally induced changes. In this article, skin aging is defined simply as changes to the skin that occur due to aging. Skin signs of ageing Ageing skin Ageing skin Ageing skin Who does skin ageing affect? Pooled odds ratios (pOR) were obtained from the analyses. 100, adv00153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2005.03.034 (2005). Dermatol. [Attention to the health of the skin. Raduan, A. P., Luiz, R. R. & Manela-Azulay, M. Association between smoking and cutaneous ageing in a Brazilian population. Flament, F., Amar, D., Forichon, M., Caron, J. & Passeron, T. The skin aging exposome. A better understanding of the influence of these factors on repair may lead to therapeutics that improve wound healing and resolve impaired wounds. The categorisation of skin colour and the corresponding associations with skin aging differed between studies (Supplementary Dataset). 5b). Determinants in the Rate of Skin Aging: Ethnicity, Gender, and Cosmet. Brain-Skin Connection: Stress, Inflammation and Skin Aging Differences in skin aging progression between ethnicities have been reported across several studies. are needed to determine whether certain host habits affect skin . https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-020-00262-9 (2020). Acad. Chien, A. L. et al. Factors influencing skin ageing in a Mediterranean population from Turkey. Ensuring skin integrity in the elderly requires a team approach and includes the individual, caregivers, and clinicians. Full search terms and filters applied for their respective databases are summarised in Table 1. Pooled odds ratios for lentigines and wrinkling with being a smoker were both non-significant (see Fig. The skin, the largest organ in the human body, performs important functions such as thermoregulation, storage and synthesis, sensation and protection. Vierkotter, A. et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13509 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/00015550310015464 (2003).