As with many mental disorders, a variety of factors may be involved, such as: Depression often begins in the teens, 20s or 30s, but it can happen at any age. Yamamoto M. Perceived Neighborhood Conditions and Depression: Positive Local News as a Buffering Factor. Other research focused on major histocompatibility complex region genes, endocannabinoid receptor gene polymorphisms, as well as tissue-specific genes and gene co-expression networks and their links to depression [99,110,112]. Large normal-range TBP and ATXN7 CAG repeat lengths are associated with increased lifetime risk of depression. Previous literature has shown that chronic stress (associated with depression) is also linked to glucocorticoid receptor resistance, as well as problems with the regulation of the inflammatory response [484]. Studies on the kynurenine pathwaykey points: The kynurenine pathway was another theme that emerged in this review [120,178,181,184,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221]. The association between diabetes and depressive symptoms varies by quality of diabetes care across Europe. Kim S., Subramanian S.V. Further, Halahakoon et al. Poole D.N., Hedt-Gauthier B., Liao S., Raymond N.A., Brnighausen T. Major depressive disorder prevalence and risk factors among Syrian asylum seekers in Greece. Flores R.J., Campo-Arias A., Stimpson J., Chalela C., Reyes-Ortiz C.A. Hi, I'm Dr. Craig Sawchuk, a clinical psychologist at Mayo Clinic. Stress has been linked to the release of inflammatory factors, as well as the development of depression [204]. Andreeva V.A., Assmann K.E., Adjibade M., Lemogne C., Hercberg S., Galan P., Kesse-Guyot E. Dyslipidemia as a potential moderator of the association between hearing loss and depressive symptoms. Tozzi L., Farrell C., Booij L., Doolin K., Nemoda Z., Szyf M., Pomares F.B., Chiarella J., OKeane V., Frodl T. Epigenetic Changes of FKBP5 as a Link Connecting Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors with Structural and Functional Brain Changes in Major Depression. Depression - American Psychological Association (APA) (caus* adj3 (depression or depressive)).ti. Those that showed the greatest protection included confiding in others, sleep duration, engaging in exercises like swimming or cycling, a faster walking pace, being part of a sports club or gym, and eating cereal. More women than men are diagnosed with depression, but this may be due in part because women are more likely to seek treatment. What Causes Depression? Sainz M.T., Nagy G., Mohedano G.R., Vlez N.M., Garca S.C., Cisneros D.P., Rey G.N. Polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR) modifies the association between significant life events and depression in people with multiple sclerosis. Zalar B., Haslberger A., Peterlin B. Jacobson L. Glucocorticoid receptor deletion from locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons promotes depression-like social withdrawal in female but not male mice. Stewart D, et al. Bondar N., Bryzgalov L., Ershov N., Gusev F., Reshetnikov V., Avgustinovich D., Tenditnik M., Rogaev E., Merkulova T. Molecular Adaptations to Social Defeat Stress and Induced Depression in Mice. Serotonergic multilocus genetic variation moderates the association between major interpersonal stress and adolescent depressive symptoms: Replication and candidate environment specification. Koskinen M.K., Mourik Y.V., Smit A.B., Riga D., Spijker S. From stress to depression: Development of extracellular matrix-dependent cognitive impairment following social stress. GNB3 and CREB1 gene polymorphisms combined with negative life events increase susceptibility to major depression in a Chinese Han population. And even in some cases, have thoughts of not wanting to live. This review may be used as an evidence base by those in public health, clinical practice, and research. Take the next step and reach out. Cognitive Reserve Attenuates the Effect of Disability on Depression in Multiple Sclerosis. [PMC free . Quinn M.E., Grant K.E., Adam E.K. The findings show that raised levels of inflammation (because of factors such as pro-inflammatory cytokines) have been associated with depression [60,161,174,175,178]. . Pereira J.C., Jr., Hallinan M.P., Alves R.C. Assessment of tryptophan metabolism and signs of depression in individuals with carbohydrate malabsorption. McQuaid R.J., Gabrys R.L., McInnis O.A., Anisman H., Matheson K. Understanding the Relation Between Early-Life Adversity and Depression Symptoms: The Moderating Role of Sex and an Interleukin-1 Gene Variant. Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that often leads to poor quality of life and impaired functioning. Depression may require long-term treatment. Hosseini S.R., Zabihi A., Ebrahimi S.H., Amiri S.R.J., Kheirkhah F., Bijani A. Studies on the lifecourse perspectivekey points: Trajectories and life events are important when it comes to the lifecourse perspective. Krzak A.M., Cao J.J.L., Agius M., Hoschl C. Does neurogenesis relate to depression and do antidepressants affect neurogenesis? Arroll B., Macgillivray S., Ogston S., Reid I., Sullivan F., Williams B., Crombie I. Efficacy and tolerability of tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs compared with placebo for treatment of depression in primary care: A meta-analysis. Flouri E., Francesconi M., Midouhas E., Lewis G. Prenatal and childhood adverse life events, inflammation and depressive symptoms across adolescence. We focused on aspects related to biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression (examples of determinants and related outcomes are provided under each of the following sections. Abnormalities in Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism in Treatment-Resistant Depression and Suicidality: A Systematic Review. Treutlein J., Strohmaier J., Frank J., Witt S.H., Rietschel L., Forstner A.J., Lang M., Degenhardt F., Dukal H., Herms S., et al. Liu W.J., Zhou L., Wang X.Q., Yang B.X., Wang Y., Jiang J.F. Prevalence and potential determinants of subthreshold and major depression in the general population of Qatar. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, life stress and depression: A meta-analysis of gene-environment interaction. . Cognitive ability, education and socioeconomic status in childhood and risk of post-stroke depression in later life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Symptoms of depression may be different or less obvious in older adults, such as: If you feel depressed, make an appointment to see your doctor or mental health professional as soon as you can. Depression (major depressive disorder) - Symptoms and causes http://www.uptodate.com/. Can Obesity Cause Depression? It's really hard to get yourself motivated. Health Equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 Years On, in The Health Foundation. Bleys D., Luyten P., Soenens B., Claes S. Gene-environment interactions between stress and 5-HTTLPR in depression: A meta-analytic update. Tsai W., Lu Q. Why are depressed patients inflamed? Zhang M., Li Z., Yang S., Sun Y., Jin M., Chen X., Yu Q. Studies on stress and HPA axis dysfunctionkey points: Stress was studied in various forms in rodent populations and humans [144,145,155,174,176,180,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211]. The association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and post-stroke depression. These determinants are interlinked and influence one another. Psychiatry.org - What Is Depression? Once the documents were identified through the databases, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the titles and abstracts. Lv W.-J., Wu X.-L., Chen W.-Q., Li Y.-F., Zhang G.-F., Chao L.-M., Zhou J.-H., Guo A., Liu C., Guo S.-N. Interventions targeting various factors, such as education and socioeconomic status, are needed to help prevent and reduce the burden of depression. The Role of Microbiota in Depression-A brief review. http://www.uptodate.com/. Dadi A.F., Mwanri L., Woodman R., Azale T., Miller E. Causal mechanisms of postnatal depression among women in Gondar town, Ethiopia: Application of a stress-process model with generalized structural equation modeling. Causes of Depression in Sarcoidosis. Zamora-Racaza G., Azizoddin D.R., Ishimori M.L., Ormseth S.R., Wallace D.J., Penserga E.G., Sumner L., Ayeroff J., Draper T., Nicassio P.M., et al. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017. Valles-Colomer M., Falony G., Darzi Y., Tigchelaar E.F., Wang J., Tito R.Y., Schiweck C., Kurilshikov A., Joossens M., Wijmenga C., et al. Alcohol Use Disorder and Depressive Disorders. Perimenopausal depression and early menopause: Cause or consequence? Hessel P., Botero M.A.M., Cuartas J. Types Causes Diagnosis Treatment Depression, also referred to as clinical depression or major depressive disorder, is a medical condition that is classified as a mood disorder. Integrative analyses of major histocompatibility complex loci in the genome-wide association studies of major depressive disorder. Strachan E., Duncan G., Horn E., Turkheimer E. Neighborhood deprivation and depression in adult twins: Genetics and geneenvironment interaction. Major depression, which includes symptoms of depression most of the time for at least 2 weeks that typically interfere with one's ability to work, sleep, study, and eat. Insight into this can also help to refine targeted interventions. Inflammation-dependent ISG15 upregulation mediates MIA-induced dendrite damages and depression by disrupting NEDD4/Rap2A signaling. Quantitative proteomic study of the plasma reveals acute phase response and LXR/RXR and FXR/RXR activation in the chronic unpredictable mild stress mouse model of depression. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017. Educational level and the risk of depression after prostate cancer. Accessed Jan. 23, 2017. The association between the clinical diversity of psoriasis and depressive symptoms: The HUNT Study, Norway. Zhang H.-F., Mellor D., Peng D.-H. Neuroimaging genomic studies in major depressive disorder: A systematic review. Friberg A.S., Moustsen I.R., Larsen S.B., Hartung T., Andersen E.W., Olsen M.H., Tjonneland A., Kjaer S.K., Johansen C., Brasso K., et al. When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. It may be that physical factors are proximal determinants of depression, which, in turn, are acted on by more distal social factors, such as deprivation, environmental events, and social capital. Latent classes of trait affect and cognitive affective regulation strategies are associated with depression, non-suicidal self-injury, and well-being. The Gut Microbiome Modulates the Changes in Liver Metabolism and in Inflammatory Processes in the Brain of Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Rats. During these episodes, symptoms occur most of the day, nearly every day and may include: For many people with depression, symptoms usually are severe enough to cause noticeable problems in day-to-day activities, such as work, school, social activities or relationships with others. Depression is one of the most common mental health conditions, and, if left untreated, it can increase the risk for substance abuse, anxiety disorders, and suicide. Azizi M., Fooladi E., Bell R.J., Elyasi F., Masoumi M., Davis S.R. Studies on depression have increased significantly over the past few decades.