New Catholic Encyclopedia. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated[ a] King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. . The Catholic Marian pilgrim will find much in every corner of Poland. The other Jews then reason that, when attacked, they must fight even on the holy day. There were also writings that were . [12][13], The title "1 Maccabees" is not the original title of the work. In the autumn of 163 b.c. Stewart, Tyler A. Antiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. If it is a badly corrupted title, it might be equivalent to the Aram. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). "the book of the house of the princes of God." In fact, Luthers first German translation was missing 25 books (i.e., Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Esther, Job, Ecclesiastes, Jonah, Tobias, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach (i.e., Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Matthew, Luke, John, Acts, Romans, Hebrews, James, Jude and Revelation. 2 Maccabees was originally written in Koine Greek by an unknown diaspora Jew living in Hellenistic Egypt. Simon himself was acknowledged as "the high priest, the great captain, and Prince of the Jews" (1 Mc 13.42). Archaeological evidence supports the claim in 2 Maccabees he died before the cleansing of the Temple, while 1 Maccabees moves his death later to hide the fact that Lysias abandoned his campaign in Judea not due to the efforts of the Maccabees at the Battle of Beth Zur, but rather to respond to political turmoil resulting from Antiochus's death. [56] He also cites the fact that it makes various "admissions against interest" such as openly describing rebel military defeats, unlike 2 Maccabees which obscures or omits such matters. The Catholic Bible is actually the generic term for the Christian Bible . However, the date of retrieval is often important. [37] Another was a general preference for using the Hebrew Bible as the basis for the Old Testament, rather than the Latin Vulgate or the Greek Septuagint. CYRENE , ancient capital of Cyrenaica, on the northern coast of Africa. Copyright 2023 EWTN News, Inc. All rights reserved. The inclusion of 2 Maccabees in some copies of the Septuagint saw it a part of various early canon lists and manuscripts, albeit sometimes as part of an appendix. Rather, the book refers to "heaven" (ourans) instead, such as Judas saying in a speech that "It is not on the size of the army that victory in battle depends, but strength comes from Heaven. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. He may also have consulted it for Book 1 of The Jewish War. The Greek form, , probably goes back to the Aramaic word maqqbai, the meaning of which is uncertain. The narrative reports that news of the desolation reaches Mattathias and his five sons, a priestly family who live in Modein. ", Kosmin, P. 2016. It later became a title given to the rebels as a whole around the 3rd-5th century AD, hence the Septuagint naming the works as books of the Maccabees. After his death, the festivities for the dedication are concluded. Bibliography: josephus, Antiquities (Loeb Classical Library [London-New York-Cambridge, Mass. He invited Jonathan to a parley, took him prisoner, and later executed him in the land east of the Jordan at a place called Bascama whose location is now unknown (1 Mc 1112;13.23). [66] Much like in Christian works, the story of the mother and her seven sons was the most retold and influential. There was disparity in ancient versions of the Septuagint, and the Church did not uncritically accept every book listed in the respective versions. The Brittany Maynard Dignity in Death Debate, Veterans Day and the Body of Christ and Much More! 2 Maccabees writes that Antiochus's decrees were targeted against Judea and Samaria, which historians find more likely than the claim in 1 Maccabees that he demanded religious standardization across the entire empire.[72]. Later, however, Demetrius II broke his promise to Jonathan to remove the Syrian troops from the Akra in Jerusalem, and Jonathan went to the side of Tryphon, who was regent to a new pretender to the throne, Antiochus VI, son of Alexander Balas. Forced into action by Judas's actions, Lysias and the young King came from Antioch with a large army and besieged Judas's base of operations at Bethsura, forcing Judas to quit the siege of the citadel. Share Watch on Depiction of the Maccabees at the Or Torah Synagogue in Acre, Israel. Roman Catholic views of the Virgin Mary as refuge and advocate of sinners, protector from dangers and powerful intercessor with her Son, Jesus are expressed in prayers , artistic depictions, theology, and popular and devotional writings, as well as in the use of religious articles and images. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. [46] The book dismisses a defeat suffered by other commanders named Joseph and Azariah as because "they did not listen to Judas and his brothers. [54] Bezalel Bar-Kochva praises it as among the better military historiography of the period. 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. w. r. farmer, Maccabees, Zealots and Josephus (New York 1956). In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated, so that ritual sacrifices may begin again. [62][63], A later work that directly expanded 2 Maccabees was the Yosippon of the 10th century, which includes a paraphrase of parts of the Latin translation of 2 Maccabees. What is the history of the Apocrypha? [22], 1 Maccabees is only very rarely quoted or referenced by the Church Fathers in the era of early Christianity. Pre-modern Latin, Syriac, and Armenian translations exist, as well as a fragment in Akhmimic Coptic, but they mostly match the Greek, or the Lucianic renditions of the Greek in the case of the Syriac versions. Some commentators hold that these letters were a later addition, while others consider them the basis for the work. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth and . [60], The most influential part of 2 Maccabees was its stories of the martyrdom of Eleazar and the woman with seven sons; various works expanded the story to add more details such as the woman's name (variously called Hannah, Miriam, Shmouni, and other names) and their story. Religious freedom means nothing if it does not extend to the public square. While earlier Church Fathers had considered the deuterocanonical books useful but lesser than the main scriptures, the Catholic Church now affirmed that 2 Maccabees (and other deuterocanonical works) were in fact fully reliable as scripture at the Council of Trent in 1546. The persecution of Antiochus IV presumably radicalized the Jews. This included the worship of Zeus and other gods of the Greek pantheon, as well as the king himself as the visible manifestation of Zeus (the name "Epiphanes" meaning "the god manifest"). Luther had the Apocrypha in the German bible but noted that they were not considered a part of the Canon of inspired books. 1 Maccabees includes passages describing the appointment of Jonathan and Simon by Seleucid authorities, so it was generally cited by the side of those who favored royal appointment of bishops. "Indigenous Revolts in 2 Maccabees: The Persian Version.". Greek-speaking Jews were the original audience addressed by the work. 14 of these books are included in this volume and these are the books; The First Book of Esdras , The Second Book of Esdras, The First Book of the Maccabees , The Second Book of the Maccabees, The Book of Baruch , The Book of Bel and the Dragon, Ecclesiastes or the Preacher, The Book of Esther , The Book of Judith , The. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. Neither book has any claim to canonicity, though the first for awhile received favourable consideration in some Churches. The family is thus more correctly designated by the name of Hasmonaeans. Shortly afterward, having confided the leadership of the resistance to his third son, Judas Maccabee (1 Mc 1.66), Mathathias died. Scholarly estimates for the date of authorship include: Although the scholarly consensus is not entirely unanimous; Few scholars believe the introductory letters to be authentic, but some do suggest that they were compiled by the same epitomist who made the rest of the work. 2 He undertook many campaigns, gained possession of many fortresses, and put the local kings to death. [1][note 2] This longer work is not preserved, and it is uncertain how much of the present text of 2 Maccabees is copied from Jason's work. It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the formation of a rebellion against him by Mattathias of the Hasmonean family and his five sons. Currently, there is only one lectionary reported to be in use corresponding exactly to an in-print Catholic Bible translation : the Ignatius Press lectionary based on the Revised Standard Version , Second Catholic (or Ignatius) Edition (RSV-2CE) approved for liturgical use in the Antilles and by former Anglicans in the. She has has written articles on spirituality and theology for various national magazines and edited several books on the Hebrew Scriptures. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne. [70] A deeply devout observer could still be describing true events, albeit with a religious interpretation of them. succeeded with the help of Ptolemy IV of Egypt in deposing Alexander, he at first accepted the friendship of Jonathan. When Christians of the Roman Empire discussed the Maccabees, it was usually in reference to the "Maccabean martyrs" described in 2 Maccabees 6 and 2 Maccabees 7, as they were seen as models and precursors to Christian martyrs. The Protestant Bible consists of only 66 books 39 books in the Old Testament and 27 books in the New Testament. Some scholars, however, maintain that the name is a shortened form of the Hebrew maqqab-yh (from nqab, "to mark, to designate"), meaning "the one designated by Yahweh." Wisdom (also called the Wisdom of Solomon) Sirach (also called Ecclesiasticus ) Baruch . Jonathan becomes high priest (1 Maccabees 10:20). Even in stories set during the Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly removed to avoid hero-worship of the Hasmonean line. They dont seem to realize that Luther removed seven entire books and parts of three others from it for no other reason than that they didnt fit his idea of what God really wanted. Luther claimed they celebrated Judaism and because he wanted to justify his challenging the authority of the Catholic Church, he threw them out. The Outbreak of the Maccabean Wars. 1912]) Bks. SCRIPTURES & ART: The Gospel for Wednesday of Holy Week focuses on Judas Iscariots deal with the Temple authorities to betray Jesus for 30 pieces of silver. Having been recognized as high priest by Antiochus IV, Jason immediately initiated an active policy of Hellenization. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"m9MLjgMC5Uwm.pqqg1mkvFeyU0TfyFHgy8_3LdMfeN4-86400-0"}; A systematic religious persecution of the Jews was in full progress (1 Mc 1.4367; 2 Mc 6.111). [53] No angels or miracles come to save the Jews; rather, it is the divinely-approved firm leadership of the Hasmoneans that leads to victory.[10]. Hasmonean King Alexander Jannaeus is recorded as organizing a massacre of his political opponents, and many went into exile. The name is derived properly from that of the third son, Judas Maccabee. ), nephew of Antiochus IV (1 Mc6.177.50). 2023
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