Wolk DA, Dickerson BC, Weiner M, Aiello M, Aisen P, Albert MS, Alexander G, Anderson HS, Anderson K, Apostolova L, Arnold S, Ashford W, Assaly M, Asthana S, Bandy D, Bartha R, Bates V, Beckett L, Bell KL, Benincasa AL, Bergman H, Bernick C, Bernstein M, Black S, Blank K, Borrie M, Brand C, Brewer J, Brown AD, Burns JM, Cairns NJ, Caldwell C, Capote H, Carlsson CM, Carmichael O, Cellar JS, Celmins D, Chen K, Chertkow H, Chowdhury M, Clark D, Connor D, Correia S, Crawford K, Dale A, de Leon MJ, De Santi SM, Decarli C, Detoledo-Morrell L, Devous M, Diaz-Arrastia R, Dolen S, Donohue M, Doody RS, Doraiswamy PM, Duara R, Englert J, Farlow M, Feldman H, Felmlee J, Fleisher A, Fletcher E, Foroud TM, Foster N, Fox N, Frank R, Gamst A, Given CA, 2nd, Graff-Radford NR, Green RC, Griffith R, Grossman H, Hake AM, Hardy P, Harvey D, Heidebrink JL, Hendin BA, Herring S, Honig LS, Hosein C, Robin Hsiung GY, Hudson L, Ismail MS, Jack CR, Jr, Jacobson S, Jagust W, Jayam-Trouth A, Johnson K, Johnson H, Johnson N, Johnson KA, Johnson S, Kachaturian Z, Karlawish JH, Kataki M, Kaye J, Kertesz A, Killiany R, Kittur S, Koeppe RA, Korecka M, Kornak J, Kozauer N, Lah JJ, Laubinger MM, Lee VM, Lee TY, Lerner A, Levey AI, Longmire CF, Lopez OL, Lord JL, Lu PH, Macavoy MG, Malloy P, Marson D, Martin-Cook K, Martinez W, Marzloff G, Mathis C, Mc-Adams-Ortiz C, Mesulam M, Miller BL, Mintun MA, Mintzer J, Molchan S, Montine T, Morris J, Mulnard RA, Munic D, Nair A, Neu S, Nguyen D, Norbash A, Oakley M, Obisesan TO, Ogrocki P, Ott BR, Parfitt F, Pawluczyk S, Pearlson G, Petersen R, Petrella JR, Potkin S, Potter WZ, Preda A, Quinn J, Rainka M, Reeder S, Reiman EM, Rentz DM, Reynolds B, Richard J, Roberts P, Rogers J, Rosen A, Rosen HJ, Rusinek H, Sabbagh M, Sadowsky C, Salloway S, Santulli RB, Saykin AJ, Scharre DW, Schneider L, Schneider S, Schuff N, Shah RC, Shaw L, Shen L, Silverman DH, Simpson DM, Sink KM, Smith CD, Snyder PJ, Spann BM, Sperling RA, Spicer K, Stefanovic B, Stern Y, Stopa E, Tang C, Tariot P, Taylor-Reinwald L, Thai G, Thomas RG, Thompson P, Tinklenberg J, Toga AW, Tremont G, Trojanowki JQ, Trost D, Turner RS, van Dyck CH, Vanderswag H, Varon D, Villanueva-Meyer J, Villena T, Walter S, Wang P, Watkins F, Williamson JD, Wolk D, Wu CK, Zerrate M, Zimmerman EA. Effect of smoking on aging of photoprotected skin: Evidence gathered using a new photonumeric scale. Common conditions in older age include hearing loss, cataracts and refractive errors, back and neck pain and osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, depression and dementia. Navarro CL, Cau P, Levy N. Molecular bases of progeroid syndromes. b. Rexbye H, et al. 5d). Frontiers | Determinants of active aging and quality of life among Some individuals quit celebrating birthdays after a certain age. Telomere shortening is associated with age-related diseases in humans [14], and patients with accelerated aging syndromes show a higher rate of telomere erosion and marked chromosome instability[9]. Interestingly, photoaging, often attributed to sun exposure, was not always significantly associated with sun exposure (Supplementary Table 6). Dryness has been quantified by skin conductance measured using Skicon-20087, while biopsies could permit better quantitative analyses of skin aging via the staining of elastotic tissue88, or histologic study2. PDF ADULTHOOD AND AGEING - The National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) Evaluation of cutaneous photodamage using a photographic scale. Moreover, there was an overlap in risk factors for skin aging and skin cancers, with the notable example of UV exposure, thus granting a plausible relevance of skin aging phenotypes as indicators of exposure to risk factors for skin cancer97101. Larnier C, et al. Pooling the associations for skin aging with being a smoker, which referred to subjects who indicated they had ever smoked or yes to being a smoker, resulted in a significant association for smokers face only (pOR 8.06, 95% CI 1.92, 33.91) with significant heterogeneity (I2=76.43%, p=0.039). As with skin aging and diet associations, no pooled association for skin aging and alcohol consumption could be obtained due to the between-study variation in the quantification of alcohol consumption. Use a separate document and upload when done. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Epidemiological evidence of environmentally induced skin changes has existed as early as 19651. Before conceived and supervised the current review. Approach B-1: Understand the basic behavioral, social, and psychological aspects of aging. Individuals with WS show reduced telomere length in fibroblasts, which cease to divide prematurely, as well as deficiency in DNA repair systems, leading to genomic mutations that increase cancer incidence [5661]. The contribution of solar UV exposure to skin aging, resulting in a phenotype termed as photoaging has been established5,6,20. Q.Y.A.W. In a subject population aged above 30, dyspigmentation was found to be more prevalent in Chinese and Japanese than in Germans only if measured on the cheeks and in subjects up to 60years old, while wrinkling in Japanese above 60years old and Chinese of any age were not significantly more severe than that in Germans (Supplementary Dataset). Quantifying dyspigmentation in facial skin ageing: An explorative study. [ad_1] As individuals grow older, they experience biological changes, but how they experience these changes varies considerably. Subject terms: Risk factors, Skin manifestations Go to: The repetitive DNA at chromosome ends shortens with age, as observed in fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) [11]. Example: Question: Describe the communication process with elderly patients. Resveratrol, a plant-derived polyphenol, increases the deacetylase activity of some sirtuins and increases yeast lifespan by nearly 70% [48]. Premature ageing of the skin in a Queensland population. Wehner MR, et al. Defining skin aging and its risk factors: a systematic review and meta Kirkwood TB. Singh R, Kolvraa S, Bross P, Christensen K, Bathum L, Gregersen N, Tan Q, Rattan SI. From the primary search, there were instances of the terms photoaging being used in place of or equated to extrinsic aging2225, while others defined extrinsic aging as skin aging influenced by multiple extrinsic risk factors, including skin aging attributed to sun or ultraviolet (UV) exposure which photoaging refers to, but not vice versa. Mice with a mutation in the LMNA gene or deletion of the metalloprotease that processes prelamin A (Zmpste24) acquire a pathologic phenotype similar to HGPS syndrome [74, 75]. 1 for PRISMA flow diagram). Overall, most methods of outcome quantification entailed visual assessment by clinicians or researchers according to arbitrary grading scales (Supplementary Table 1), such as the Daniell wrinkling scale33 and the Beagley-Gibson grading scale for SSM26, both of which were used recurrently in different studies. Association of telomere length with type 2 diabetes, oxidative stress and UCP2 gene variation. Facial wrinkling in men and women, by smoking status. Aspects of brain health include: Cognitive health how well you think, learn, and remember. Although no pooled odds ratio was available for menopausal status and skin aging, individual studies have previously reported a significant association for postmenopausal status with photoaging (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2, 1.8)41, and no significant association with wrinkling (OR 5.00, 95% CI 0.37, 67.66)25. For wrinkling due to more than 2h per day versus less than 2h per day, due to various categories reported between studies, only meta-analyses considering a sample with a preponderance of higher sun exposure yielded significant pORs (Fig. Baumann L, et al. This reviews results will guide future works, such as those aiming to examine the interaction between genetic and environmental influences. The enormous variation in the average lifespan in different species suggests that maximum lifetime is determined by the species-specific genotype (Fig. conducted the literature review, collated and analysed the data, and wrote the manuscript. AgeAgecutter-A New Way to Age HOME Javierre BM, Fernandez AF, Richter J, Al-Shahrour F, Martin-Subero JI, Rodriguez-Ubreva J, Berdasco M, Fraga MF, OHanlon TP, Rider LG, Jacinto FV, Lopez-Longo FJ, Dopazo J, Forn M, Peinado MA, Carreno L, Sawalha AH, Harley JB, Siebert R, Esteller M, Miller FW, Ballestar E. Changes in the pattern of DNA methylation associate with twin discordance in systemic lupus erythematosus. Fifty-one studies linked their study outcome or outcomes to skin aging, from which 24 skin aging outcomes were identified. Nagata C, et al. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ippen M, Ippen H. Approaches to a prophylaxis of skin aging. Warren R, et al. Where possible, adjusted effect sizes were preferred to non-adjusted ones. Gerontechnological factors affecting successful aging of elderly PDF Physical Activity and Older Adults Systematic Literature Review The categorisation of skin colour and the corresponding associations with skin aging differed between studies (Supplementary Dataset). Along with new physical, social, and emotional challenges, increasing age brings changes in cognition and emotion that have impacts on subjective well-being, social relationships, decision making, and self-control. Thus, aging is not probably mediated by a single gene or main mechanism. Whereas there are many mechanisms by which aging occurs (some of which are not fully understood), scientists have a basic understanding of the general . Functional MC1R-gene variants are associated with increased risk for severe photoaging of facial skin. Martires KJ, Fu P, Polster AM, Cooper KD, Baron ED. 5c). Leung WC, Harvey I. Sirtuins are protein deacetylases that modulate pathways implicated in the aging process [43]. Somatic growth is mediated by growth hormone (GH), which is released by the hypophysis. Progerias are a group of diseases characterized by a premature aging phenotype and are a model for studying aging-associated genetic changes. Pooled odds ratios for lentigines and wrinkling with being a smoker were both non-significant (see Fig. This review was limited to visible measures of skin aging outcomes, entailing the exclusion of instrumental measurement and biopsy staining methods, which could provide a more accurate measure of phenotype. Drakaki E, Dessinioti C, Antoniou CV. FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity. Rodriguez S, Eriksson M. Evidence for the involvement of lamins in aging. prior to inplant return flow and the first treatment process, where representative samples can be obtained. Scharner J, Gnocchi VF, Ellis JA, Zammit PS. aging, consistent evidence demonstrates that social fac-tors such as race, income, and education play a significant role in how well individuals age. There is a rough consensus that skin aging encompasses several phenotypes such as, but not limited to, wrinkling, pigmentation and telangiectasis38. Gilchrest BA. For example, mutation in the gene that encodes the oxidative stress response protein p66shc, which prolongs life and protects from a variety of aging-associated diseases in mice, enhances resistance to apoptosis following oxidative stress in vitro-cultured cells [7]. Aging is a multifactorial process that is determined by genetic and environmental factors. Factors That Affect The Aging Process. Ageing and health - World Health Organization (WHO) Additional factors, such as a doseresponse effect of sunscreen use on skin aging, or interaction between sunscreen use and sun exposure may confound the association between sunscreen use and skin aging. Forest plot for skin aging phenotypes and age as a continuous variable. 8600 Rockville Pike Li M, et al. Priority analysis of factors affecting family planning practices among The older adult population is rapidly growing worldwide. Lakowski B, Hekimi S. Determination of life-span in Caenorhabditis elegans by four clock genes. Many studies found that factors such as depression (9, 14), self-esteem (8, 9), self-efficacy, loneli- ness and isolation (8-9, 14-15) are effective on successful aging. Griffiths CE, Wang TS, Hamilton TA, Voorhees JJ, Ellis CN. Odds ratios included in the random effects models were also ensured to compare identical or non-overlapping exposure and reference categories (i.e., subjects grouped in a given exposure category in one study did not qualify to be grouped into the reference category from another study). Parenting is one of the most complex and challenging jobs you'll face in your lifetime -- but also the most rewarding. These factors are among the strongest predictors of health and mortality.5,6,12 Although numerous social factors may influence health outcomes, in Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin A cause Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. As for other segmental aging syndromes, its clinical signs include precocious aging in early childhood with reduced life expectancy; patients do not usually reach adolescence [62]. Conversely, no significant association with former smoking was found for either lentigines (pOR 1.07, 95% CI 0.67, 1.69), photoaging (pOR 1.00, 95% CI 0.89, 1.12) or wrinkling (pOR 1.46, 95% CI 0.70, 3.04) (see Fig. The .gov means its official. Orren DK. Daniell HW. Lebel M, Spillare EA, Harris CC, Leder P. The Werner syndrome gene product co-purifies with the DNA replication complex and interacts with PCNA and topoisomerase I. Ledford H. Ageing: Much ado about ageing. Effects of particulate matter on healthy human skin: A panel study using a smartphone application measuring daily skin condition. Adams JM, White M. Biological ageing: a fundamental, biological link between socio-economic status and health? Listi F, Caruso C, Colonna-Romano G, Lio D, Nuzzo D, Candore G. HLA and KIR frequencies in Sicilian Centenarians. Feng J, Bussiere F, Hekimi S. Mitochondrial electron transport is a key determinant of life span in Caenorhabditis elegans. 5a). The older adult population is projected to double between 2012 and 2060, from 43.1 to 92.0 million (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Tsukahara K, Osanai O, Kitahara T, Takema Y. Youn CS, et al. Relative contribution of intrinsic vs extrinsic factors to skin aging as determined by a validated skin age score. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Since skin aging was most frequently assessed as individual outcomes, this review examined the individual outcomes, or skin aging signs, as proxy measures of overall skin aging. Two main classes have been described of lifespan-extension mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans. The population of older adults aged 65 or over in the world is 733 million as of 2019 and is expected to double to 1.5 billion by 2050 [].Accordingly, a rapid increase in the aging population leads to the perception that a change in perspective on old age is necessary. These factors were able to explain 51.9%. PDF Causes of Crystal Aging in Oscillators - CTS Corp Skin aging has been defined to encompass both intrinsic and extrinsic aging, with extrinsic aging effected by environmental influences and overlaying the effects of chronological aging. Use the following format. Considering the variety of skin aging definitions in the literature, this review has proposed standard definition of skin aging. Schikowski T, Huls A. Nonetheless, a doseresponse relationship between sun exposure and wrinkling could be discerned. Wyllie FS, Jones CJ, Skinner JW, Haughton MF, Wallis C, Wynford-Thomas D, Faragher RG, Kipling D. Telomerase prevents the accelerated cell ageing of Werner syndrome fibroblasts. Significant associations were found for facial lentigines (pOR 1.08, 95% CI 1.05, 1.11), higher SSM score (pOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.12, 1.18), telangiectasia (pOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.09, 1.73), and wrinkling (pOR 3.96, 95% CI 1.75, 8.96). If effect sizes were not reported, means and error bars were extracted (Supplementary Dataset). Indoor tanning and non-melanoma skin cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Goodman GJ, Armour KS, Kolodziejczyk JK, Santangelo S, Gallagher CJ. Facial wrinkling in postmenopausal women. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. Farage MA, Miller KW, Zouboulis CC, Pirard GE, Maibach HI. Pendas AM, Zhou Z, Cadinanos J, Freije JM, Wang J, Hultenby K, Astudillo A, Wernerson A, Rodriguez F, Tryggvason K, Lopez-Otin C. Defective prelamin A processing and muscular and adipocyte alterations in Zmpste24 metalloproteinase-deficient mice. Key milestones during the process include the development of a draft proposal for the Decade, broad stakeholder consultation and discussions at the United Nations General Assembly, the Telomerase reverse transcriptase delays aging in cancer-resistant mice. Of the identified skin aging signs, reports on dyspigmentation, sagging, telangiectasia, and wrinkling were predominant in the literaturean observation we attributed to the visibility and noticeability of said phenotypes. A healthy diet in women is associated with less facial wrinkles in a large Dutch population-based cohort. Declines in health and the death of a spouse, common among older adults, are . Howitz KT, Bitterman KJ, Cohen HY, Lamming DW, Lavu S, Wood JG, Zipkin RE, Chung P, Kisielewski A, Zhang LL, Scherer B, Sinclair DA. Brain health refers to how well a person's brain functions across several areas. Cues of fatigue: Effects of sleep deprivation on facial appearance. Flachsbart F, Caliebe A, Kleindorp R, Blanche H, von Eller-Eberstein H, Nikolaus S, Schreiber S, Nebel A. Cao C, Xiao Z, Wu Y, Ge C. Diet and skin aging-from the perspective of food nutrition. A study in the epidemiology of "crow's feet". The process of aging refers to the decay of an organisms structure and function, in which molecular and cellular modifications can have various effects at the individual level over the course of a lifetime. (a) Forest plots for more than 1h/day of sun exposure and skin aging. Selection on alleles affecting human longevity and late-life disease: the example of apolipoprotein E. Lewis BP, Burge CB, Bartel DP. Significant associations for increased lentigines were found with Air Quality Index (AQI)48,49, contact with fossil fuels50, nitrogen dioxide51, particulate matter of diameter 2.5 microns or less (PM2.5)50,52,53, particulate matter of diameter 10 microns or less (PM10)54, second hand smoke exposure50, soot54, and traffic-associated particles54. An epidemiological survey of skin damage on the dorsal hand in rural populations in northern and southern China. Cancer Epigenetics unit at the IUOPA is funded by Spanish Ministry of Health grants PI061267 and PS09/02454, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) grant 200820I172 and The Fundacin para el Fomento en Asturias de la Investigacin Cientfica Aplicada y la Tecnologa grant (FICYT-IB09-106). Ekiz O, et al. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-021-01573-z. Bennet AM, Di Angelantonio E, Ye Z, Wensley F, Dahlin A, Ahlbom A, Keavney B, Collins R, Wiman B, de Faire U, Danesh J. Melendez A, Talloczy Z, Seaman M, Eskelinen EL, Hall DH, Levine B. Autophagy genes are essential for dauer development and life-span extension in C. elegans. Valenzano DR, Terzibasi E, Genade T, Cattaneo A, Domenici L, Cellerino A. Resveratrol prolongs lifespan and retards the onset of age-related markers in a short-lived vertebrate. Comparison of self-reported signs of facial ageing among Caucasian women in Australia versus those in the USA, the UK and Canada. The oxidative stress theory of aging is based on the hypothesis that age-associated functional losses are due to the accumulation of RONS-induced damages. . Association between dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and severity of skin photoaging in a middle-aged Caucasian population. Canela A, Vera E, Klatt P, Blasco MA. The p66shc adaptor protein controls oxidative stress response and life span in mammals. Additionally, it was ensured that each studys subjects were not drawn from the same study cohort. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Baur JA, Pearson KJ, Price NL, Jamieson HA, Lerin C, Kalra A, Prabhu VV, Allard JS, Lopez-Lluch G, Lewis K, Pistell PJ, Poosala S, Becker KG, Boss O, Gwinn D, Wang M, Ramaswamy S, Fishbein KW, Spencer RG, Lakatta EG, Le Couteur D, Shaw RJ, Navas P, Puigserver P, Ingram DK, de Cabo R, Sinclair DA. Flament F, Ye C, Amar D. Assessing the impact of an aerial chronic urban pollution (UP) on some facial signs of differently-aged Chinese men. Each individual study included in this review investigated distinct pollutants in both Asian and Caucasian populations, covering a broad range of air pollutant types overall (Supplementary Table 4). As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Long-lived mitochondrial (Mit) mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans utilize a novel metabolism. Other studies assessed the global face by estimating perceived age (n=5) or conducted digital image analyses (n=19) which offered a more precise and objective measure of outcome (e.g., measurement of total wrinkle length). This review focussed primarily on odds ratios. Blocking protein farnesyltransferase improves nuclear blebbing in mouse fibroblasts with a targeted Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome mutation. Aging Process.pdf - Aging Process Answer the three This review examines the association of epidemiological factors with human skin aging signs that are assessable by non-invasive means. Flament F, et al. These changes can be caused through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, which are influenced by genes, environmental and stochastic factors; the contribution of each of these factors remains to be determined by future studies. Intrinsic ageing of the skin occurs inevitably as a natural consequence of physiological changes over time at variable yet inalterable genetically determined rates [2]. Cosgrove MC, Franco OH, Granger SP, Murray PG, Mayes AE. Pooled associations with male gender were obtained for lentigines (pOR 1.26, 95% CI 0.95, 1.67), higher SSM score (pOR 2.48, 95% CI 1.76, 3.49), telangiectasia (pOR 3.86, 95% CI 1.03, 14.49) and wrinkling (pOR 1.25, 95% CI 0.84, 1.88). Pooled associations with HRT use was obtained for lentigines (pOR 1.49, 95% CI 0.59, 3.78) and wrinkling (pOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.17, 1.34) (see Fig. We thank C. Mark for editorial assistance. Sun exposure. Thus, skin aging may be categorised as intrinsic or extrinsic, depending on the epidemiological factors affecting the skin aging process, whereby intrinsic aging is attributed chronological and genetic factors, while extrinsic aging is influenced by environmental factors11. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Gandini S, et al. Using this eligibility criteria, a total of 490 records were screened. The funding agencies had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Understanding of the Biology of Aging | National Institute on Aging Solar exposure(s) and facial clinical signs of aging in Chinese women: Impacts upon age perception. The study of age-related cognitive changes over the last years reveals a considerable variability in available results. 1Fundacin ASTURCOR, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Av. Yang SH, Bergo MO, Toth JI, Qiao X, Hu Y, Sandoval S, Meta M, Bendale P, Gelb MH, Young SG, Fong LG. Age-Related Cognitive Changes: The Importance of Modulating Factors Long-lived growth hormone receptor knockout mice show a delay in age-related changes of body composition and bone characteristics. The environmental conditions (stress, pesticides), individual genotype (genomic and mitochondrial DNA) and stochastic factors can induce genetic and epigenetic alterations that cause a decline in somatic stem cell function that can be the origin of metabolic, degenerative diseases, cancer and aging in the individuals. Where odds ratios were reported, meta-analyses were conducted using the random effects model. Dominguez-Gerpe L, Araujo-Vilar D. Prematurely aged children: molecular alterations leading to Hutchinson-Gilford progeria and Werner syndromes. Genetics of Alzheimer disease. To avoid possible overlap of study populations and inclusion of duplicate results in the meta-analytic models, each study was only represented once for a given outcome, unless effect sizes reported were for stratified populations. Characteristics of Framingham offspring participants with long-lived parents. Rosvall L, Rizzuto D, Wang HX, Winblad B, Graff C, Fratiglioni L. APOE-related mortality: effect of dementia, cardiovascular disease and gender. Willcox BJ, Donlon TA, He Q, Chen R, Grove JS, Yano K, Masaki KH, Willcox DC, Rodriguez B, Curb JD. Epidemiologic determinants of skin photoaging: Baseline data of the SU.VI.MAX. WS patients develop normally until puberty; the first sign of disease is absence of the pubertal growth spurt and gonadal atrophy, which results in short stature of the affected adult. Factors Associated with Successful Aging among Community-Dwelling Older Flament F, Bourokba N, Nouveau S, Li J, Charbonneau A. Regardless of a country's degree of development, the share of the population aged 60 or over is predicted to rise. Additionally, interaction between pollutants and UV radiation has been reported: nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and UV radiation56; particulate matter and UV radiation52. Explain the ways in which ageism impacts older adults and everyone. Longevity, Environment, Genes, Progerias, DNA repair and telomeres. Pooled odds ratios (pOR) were obtained from the analyses. At the cellular level, the most prominent event in an aging tissue is cell senescence, a consequence of exposure to intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors; it is characterized by gradual accumulation of DNA damage and epigenetic changes in DNA structure that affect correct gene expression and lead to altered cell function. A related protective factor, sunscreen use, was significantly associated with wrinkling (pOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.25, 0.98) with non-significant heterogeneity (I2=0.00%, p=0.387). Genotype-phenotype correlations in laminopathies: how does fate translate? Conspicuous extrinsic aging factors were smoking and sun exposure, both of which were significantly associated with multiple skin aging signs and exhibited dose-responses relationships with wrinkling. PDF The Aging Process What factors affect the aging process? OSullivan RJ, Karlseder J. Telomeres: protecting chromosomes against genome instability. The most notable exogenous factors influencing degree of aging were sun exposure and smoking. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: III. Alaluf S, et al. The process of physical maturation that is so eagerly anticipated in the first stages of life is viewed very negatively when the youthful attractiveness begins to change. Agrigoroaei S, Lee-Attardo A, Lachman ME. Larizza L, Roversi G, Volpi L. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Werner syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive progeroid syndrome caused by mutation at WRN, a member of the RecQ helicase family [51], involved in DNA repair systems and replication [5254].
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