Christian social media erupted in outrage at his objectification of women's bodies, as well as derision at the idea the story unfolded as he said. Simple correlational analyses (see Table 2) revealed that enjoyment of the comments about the sexual body was associated with more hostile and benevolent attitudes toward women and toward men and were more intense when the comments evaluated were about appearance. researching, and intervening to improve women's lives in a sociocultural context that sexually objectifies the female body and equates a woman's worth with her body's appearance and sexual functions. But, only when partners made them, positive appearance comments were considered less objectifying than negative appearance comments. In all cases, the first step included the perpetrator of the comments (stranger, colleague, friend, and partner); the second step included sexist attitudes, that is, hostile sexism toward women (ASI-H), benevolent sexism toward women (ASI-B), hostility toward men (AMI-H), and benevolence toward men (AMI-B); and the third step included interactions between perpetrator and sexist attitudes. How Objectification Leads to Violence Against Women The present study begins to fill these gaps by analyzing responses from 301 heterosexual/bisexual adult women in the United States (Mage = 37.02, range = 1872) to appearance and sexual body comments made by four different male perpetrators: strangers, colleagues, friends, or partners. In this entry, the focus is primarily on sexual objectification, objectification occurring in the sexual realm. (2014), when strangers and bosses were evaluated in an undergraduate sample. Indeed, the widespread nature of corporal dissatisfaction in women has coined the phrase normative discontent (Orbach, 1978; Rodin, Silberstein, & Striegel-Moore, 1984): Womens dissatisfaction with their body is more a rule than an exception in todays society (Fallon, Harris, & Johnson, 2014). Descriptive Statistics for Reported Objectification and Enjoyment of Sexualization by Comment Type and Perpetrator. However, our study represents the first time this relation was evaluated so it should be replicated including other scales and samples to support the stability of our results. Sexist attitudes related to objectification but not enjoyment when women received comments about positive appearance. Experiencing the streets: Harassment and perceptions of safety among women. Women 's bodies are routinely used as objects to sell various products. The third ANOVA about appearance comments showed significant main effects for perpetrator, F(3,297)=17.14, p<.001, p2=.15, and for positivity, F(1,299)=189.49, p<.001, p2=.39, as well as their interaction (perpetrator positivity), F(3,297)=5.74, p=.001, p2=.05. Hostile versus benevolent objectification: Development and exploration of the Objectification and Enjoyment of Sexualitation Scale. MacMillan R, Nierobisz A, & Welsh S (2000). Objectification is a notion central to feminist theory. College mens perceptions of ideal body composition and shape. Out-of-Body Image: How Media Teaches Young Girls to Hate Their Bodies Calogero RM, Pina A, Park LE, & Rahemtulla Z (2010). A threatening exchange: Gender and life history strategy predict perceptions and reasoning about sexual harassment. Fat is a feminist issue: The anti-diet guide to permanent weight loss, Payne LO, Martz DM, Tompkins KB, Petroff AB & Farrow CV (2011). We proposed three hypotheses. The site is secure. 3-22) RACHEL M. CALOGERO, STACEY TANTLEFF-DUNN and J. KEVIN THOMPSON https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1chs18w.5 Westernized societies tend to objectify people in general, often treating people as if they are things or commodities. Mediated intimacy and postfeminism: A discourse analytic examination of sex and relationships advice in a womens magazine. that is positively valued by the speaker and hearer. She also showed that women are far more likely to receive compliments than men are and that almost 75% of all compliments received were about appearance, more than any other topic, whereas mens received compliments were mostly about goal-oriented activities. Fiction, fashion, and function revisited: An introduction to the special issue on gendered body image, Part II. Before testing the relation between personal values and self-objectification, T-tests were performed to assess women/men differences concerning body shame, body surveillance and values.As presented in Table 2 women outscored men on both shame and surveillance. The present study aimed to fill gaps regarding the objectification of womenthrough both positive/negative and appearance/sexual commentsassessing womens enjoyment of sexualization within the interpersonal context, especially contrasting heterosexual partners with other perpetrators. Secondly, consistent with Hypothesis 2, depending on the source, rated objectification followed the same patterns for all types of comments except for negative appearance comments. To compare the means of the two types of comments about appearance (positive vs. negative) and sexual body (tame vs. crude), t-tests were performed. These results support Hypothesis 2. From Venus to Medusa, How Art Codifies the Objectification of Women The second objective of our study was to determine how participants reactions to comments about womens appearance and sexual bodies related to their own level of sexist attitudes toward women and men. Medias role in the perpetuation and prevention of negative body image and disordered eating. Sexual harassment in workplaces (e.g., office, school) comes from bosses, teachers, colleagues, clients, or peers; these workplace experiences make women uncomfortable (McDonald, 2012). One exception was the case of negative-appearance comments, for which reactions were equally negative (enjoyment) for all cases and perpetrators, and also women felt more objectifying when negative appearance comments were made by strangers vs. friends and partners. Self-and partner-objectification in romantic relationships: Associations with media consumption and relationship dissatisfaction. What drives female objectification? An investigation of - PLOS Measures assessed womens perceptions of objectification, as well as reported enjoyment of these comments. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. All participants answered 18 items of the Objectification and Enjoyment of Sexualization Scale (OESS; Lameiras, Fiske, Gonzalez, Rodriguez, & Carrera, 2017). Eligible participants took the 15-minute survey in Qualtrics with all responses collected within 24 hours from April 29, 2015 to April 30, 2015. Finally, for crude sexual body comments, more hostile attitudes toward men related to more objectification and less enjoyment (see Table 4b). As noted, perpetrator and comment positivity/crudeness were between-participants conditions, whereas comment type (appearance/sexual body) was a within-participants condition. As a result, the person can be hypercritical of their body and parts of their body. Complimentary weightism: The potential costs of appearance-related commentary for womens self-objectification. The Detrimental Effect of Sexual Objectification on Targets' and Note. Self-Objectification in Women: - American Psychological Association (APA) Both men and women struggle with self-objectification, but it is most commonly seen among women. Although our study is the first known to quantify womens feelings of enjoyment and objectification from comments by different perpetrators, our results should be taken with caution. Self-Objectification in Women - Verywell Mind Our research focuses on one objectifying behavior that women can experience frequently, but surprisingly this subject has been given very little attention until now. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Our study takes a step forward by presenting the first known test that enjoyment and objectification are related to sexist attitudes (more strongly toward men than toward women). Active informed consent was required. Societal objectification means turning a woman into a thing. Any investigation of objectification should account for both the aesthetic appearance and sexual body dimensions. Fascination with the sexualization of women has become fashionable; this has been called raunch culture (Levy, 2005, p. 3), porno-chic culture (McNair, 2002, p. 61), or a more broadly defined and neutral term, sexualization of culture (Attwood, 2006, p. 79). Therefore, objectification by partners could be considered to be chivalrous behavior, as with other benevolent sexist behaviors (Glick & Fiske, 2001). presented participants with images of individuals and varied the amount of flesh shown in the pictures (the amount of body focus). One explanation may be that women expect evaluations from colleagues to be based only on nonphysical qualities, thereby experiencing greater betrayal (i.e., more objectification and less enjoyment) when they receive comments about their bodies from colleagues in the workplace. Additionally, it could be interesting to include other perpetrators in the work place (e.g., boss, supervisors, or clients) because the perpetrator-victim relationship is important to understanding aggression in workplace context (Pina & Gannon, 2012). Linking objectification and empowerment, modern sexualized woman are identified as having girl power or power femininity (Lazar, 2006), and therefore women are seen as having an enormous erotic capital that may be used (Hakim, 2010, p. 500). The body-as-object versus the body-as-process: Gender differences and gender considerations. Bear with me. In pioneering linguistic work about gender patterns in compliments, Holmes (1988, p. 446) defined a compliment as a speech act which explicitly or implicitly attributes credit to someone other than the speaker, usually the person addressed, for some good (possession, characteristic, skill, etc.) In the current research we examined womens reactions to objectification of their bodies, according to appearance and sexualization, as channeled through mens comments, both positive and negative. Haslam N, Loughnan S, & Holland E (2013). Previous research finds that both men and women perceive sexualized women as lacking in certain human qualities such as mental capacity and moral status. Riemer A, Chaudoir S, & Earnshaw V (2014). Pecini C., Di Bernardo G. A., Crapolicchio E., Stathi S., Vezzali L., Andrighetto L. (2022). Indeed, women who are valued for their bodies and for other nonphysical qualities feel more satisfied with their relationships (Meltzer & McNulty, 2014). Recent studies inform us that partner objectification maybe related to negative consequences (directly or indirectly), including sexual pressure and coercion, womens body shame, and womens lowered sexual agency (Ramsey & Hoyt, 2015; Zubriggen et al., 2011). The communication of compliments in romantic relationships: An investigation of relational satisfaction and sex differences and similarities in compliment behavior. The influence of sexist beliefs and relationship experience. According to Calogero, self-objectification explains the psychological process by which . According to Loughnan and Pacilli (2014), street sexual harassment (by strangers) and workplace sexual harassment (by colleagues or bosses) could be considered types of sexual objectification with a hostile intent and a blatant expression. Instances where men may be viewed as sexualized can be in advertisements, music videos, films, television shows, beefcake calendars, women's magazines, male strip shows, and clothed female/nude male (CFNM) events. Step 3 included the Perpetrator Sexist Attitudes interaction in order to probe the moderation effect. According to objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997), messages of objectification also drive experiences of self-objectification, placing women in the perspective of the observer or third person; this creates an external observer of ones own body as its principal controller. A direct effect of sexist attitudes (more clearly toward men than toward women) on objectification and enjoyment is confirmed but not the moderation of sexist attitudes on perpetrator effects. The theory of ambivalent sexism (Glick & Fiske, 1996,1997) explains how intimate heterosexual relationships operate in the context of societal gender inequality. Glick P, Lameiras M, Fiske S, Eckes T, Masser B, Volpato,& Wells R (2004). Sexual objectification - Wikipedia An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. Comments from strangers and colleagues were perceived similarly, as in Riemer et al. Indeed, the results show that women feel the least enjoyment and greater objectification when comments were made by colleagues, even at the same level as those made by strangers. The mechanism underlying this effect, however, is unclear. Responses used a 6-point scale ranging from 1 (disagree strongly) to 6 (agree strongly). This section on Hypothesis 1 examines its predicted positivity main effects and their generality across perpetrator and comment type. Each participant imagined only one type of perpetrator. The body of a woman is described as a form or an object (passive/fragile), whereas the male body is described by its function or process (active/strong). Toward a unified theory of objectification and dehumanization. The pairwise comparisons of means, using the Tukey post hoc test, showed that partners (and to a lesser extent, friends) stood out: No significant differences were found when positive comments on appearance were made by colleagues or strangers, but significant differences were found between colleagues (p = .005, d = .80) and strangers (p = .013, d = .69) versus friends, as well as between partners versus strangers (p < .001, d = 1.43), colleagues (p < .001, d = 1.55) and friends (p = .023, d = .77) (see Table 1b). The construction of the adolescent male body through sport. Enjoyment of sexualization: is it different for men? Both industries continue to enforce patriarchal ideologies upon members of our society. (a) Hypothesis 1 predicted that women would feel less objectified and most enjoyment from comments about positive appearance and tame sexual body, and they would feel more objectified and less enjoyment by comments about crude sexual body and negative appearance. Each participant evaluated only two comments (one about appearance and one about sexual body), either both positive or both negative. However, taking into account that attitudes toward men and attitudes toward women are a complementary set of gender-traditional beliefs (Glick & Fiske, 1996, 1999), it seems premature to discard the role that sexist attitudes toward women may have in assessing womens appearance-related comments, and future research should continue to investigate these relationships. Zubriggen E, Ramsey L, & Jaworski B (2011). The research on which this article is based was reviewed by the IRB or human subjects committee of Princeton University. Objectification of the female body is generating much research. Thus, intimate partner objectification could be a benign communication of sexual interest but could go beyond by blending affection with dominance, making it difficult for women to separate a male intimates benevolent caring from manipulative control (Moya et al., 2007), in a similar way to objectification comments.
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