Based on the above-mentioned terms, first, we made repetitive composed queries on the Web of Science database. On the other hand, Kohlberg and Hersh (1977) claimed that there exist stages of moral development, with deviant adolescents being those who have failed to pass through the pre-conventional and conventional stages of moral development. In addition, the dataset contained articles concerning the social construction of deviance, encompassing theories, such as: symbolic interactionism, labeling theory, phenomenological theory, critical discourse analysis, cultural theories, framing theory, convenience theory, and post-modernist theories. New York, NY: Transaction Publishers. Deviance is any behavior that violates social norms, and is usually of sufficient severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of society. doi: 10.1093/sf/sot117, Ragnedda, M., and Muschert, G. W. (2013). The term secondary deviance can be defined as: When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her action are First, it is relative in space: a given behavior may be considered deviant in one society but acceptable in another society. Street life - aggravated and sexual assaults among homeless and runaway adolescents. The sociological discipline that deals with crime (behavior that violates laws) is criminology (also known as criminal justice ). y Crime Delinq. Addressing a divide in the conceptualization of the gender-crime relationship: a comparative test of gender and sex using general strain theory. While the current understanding of deviance is rooted in Durkheim's (2002) definition of crime, the debate on cyber deviance (online deviance) can be traced back to Wall's (2001) conceptualization of cybercrime. After inspecting the correlations among codes, we considered the coding schema as final and employed it for the following analysis procedures. Thio, A., Taylor, J. D., and Schwartz, M. D. (1978). Am. 5, 259267. Sixth and last but certainly not least, what can be done to reduce rates of violent crime and other serious forms of deviance? (1985). Ritzer5e TB07.docx - Instructor Resource Ritzer - Course Hero Children moving out of their parents house and living independently is a common norm in Western and European countries. Wall, D. (2001). The biological orientation has now promoted more sophisticated approaches, assuming the presence of specific genes or genomic segments as proof of inclination toward addictive and risk-taking behaviors (Shostak et al., 2009; Linnr et al., 2019; Mills and Tropf, 2020). The idea of deviant subcultures is important because it highlights that groups can generate their own sets of norms, and people within those groups feel that they are not deviant even though the group as a whole may be viewed as deviant by others. Mean Streets: Youth Crime and Homelessness. Our systematic literature review revealed also the most encountered predictors of deviance, which we have classified into five main categories: family patterns, socio-demographic aspects, socialization, victimization, and school and individual factors. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00480.x, Wiesner, M., and Shukla, K. (2018). Along with the substantive categories mentioned above, we identified terms referring to the main theoretical frameworks such as social learning, opportunity routine theories, differential association, normative theory, self-control, social control, strain theory, subcultural theories, life course theory, digital divide, and labeling theories. Gender contrasts and criminality. CB and AL contributed to the conceptualization of the study, to editing, and to revising the manuscript. Gender, crime, and desistance: toward a theory of cognitive transformation. Childhood maltreatment and violent outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. doi: 10.2307/2094962, DiMaggio, P., and Garip, F. (2012). doi: 10.1177/0044118X20901737. Q. An empirical analysis of the deviant behavior of pupils. All major revolutions and independence moments were born out of rebellion and there was massive participation of people. Woodward, L., Fergusson, D. M., and Horwood, L. J. The influence of delinquent peers: what they think or what they do? This method revealed four latent groups of topics, namely, online deviance, identity, and communication in the online sphere, peer influence, and explanatory theories of deviance (See Figure 6 below). Primary deviance is the initial act of deviance itself. Teach. Although, it is based on religious and cultural beliefs, what is deviant in one society is not in other. Grounded in Pickering's and Byrne's guidelines and PRISMA protocol, we identified the most recurrent themes . Sociol. Heat map of the in extenso articles. Predictors of cyber deviance grounded on modularity procedure. Increasing inequalities in what we do online: a longitudinal cross sectional analysis of Internet activities among the Dutch population (2010 to 2013) over gender, age, education, and income. J. Marr. J. Cyber Criminol. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Gallupe, O., Boman, J. H., Nash, R., and Castro, E. D. (2020). Defining Deviancy Down By Daniel Patrick Moynihan Summary faesog 9 years ago 28, 171198. For assessing the reliability of the created coding schema, we prepared a self-organizing map of the words from the abstracts the created coding schema, we prepared a self-organizing map of the words from the abstracts (Figure 3A) and compared it with the self-organizing map of the preliminary codes (Figure 3B). : an American History (Eric Foner), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Criminology 25, 863892. Bernie Madoff, recently sentenced to 150 years in prison for creating a Ponzi scheme which Soc. At this stage, we added specific codes to the preliminary classification for including the predictors of deviance, as well as of cyber-deviance mentioned in the abstracts and codes that relate to the main influencing factors. denotes the fitted parameters for the saturated model: both sets of fitted values are implicitly functions of the observations y. doi: 10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.000431, Sampson, R. J., and Laub, J. H. (1994). Extreme reactions, such as the so-called honour killing of women for committing adultery or even for having been raped, highlight the fact that deviance is not easily defined in terms of a specific behaviour. (2017). Norms are rules and expectation by which members of society are conventionally guided. Family and school strains and their effects on adolescent deviance in taiwan: a mediating study. Nevertheless, like in the case of crime and deviance, there is no clear demarcation between cybercrime and cyber deviance. Secondary deviance occurs if the label from primary deviance sticks. doi: 10.1086/449112. 82, 145174. At the same time, our research revealed theories developed both by sociologists and criminologists to explain the nature of deviant behavior, including differential association, routine activities and opportunities theories, social control, social disorganization, anomie and strain theories, subcultural theories, power relations, and neutralization and deterrence theories. Another perspective links deviant acts to status frustration. It also depends on the ratio of deviant to non-deviant populations. Sensation seeking, deviant peer affiliation, and internet gaming addiction among chinese adolescents: the moderating effect of parental knowledge. Parental support and control as predictors of adolescent drinking, delinquency, and related problem behaviors. Self-control as a general theory of crime. French sociologist mile Durkheim viewed deviance as an inevitable part of how society functions. 12:CD007507. Soc. Deviant Behav. Socialization, selection, or both? Educ. Sociology and biology: what biology do sociologists need to know? What is deviance? In this step, we introduced 488 abstracts (from the 515 sources initially selected, we excluded 27 as they were duplicates or had no abstract). Bringing field theory to social media, and vice-versa: network-crawling an economy of recognition on facebook. Leung, R. K., Toumbourou, J. W., and Hemphill, S. A. Although deviance may have a negative connotation, the violation of social norms is not always a . (2016). Further, it elaborates on what causes deviance within society. Educ. I am an avid reader and I like to read about history and political scenario of India. The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. Also sometimes a particular event is considered to be deviant when it crosses a limit, which is usually set by society. Adolescent identities and sexual behavior: an examination of anderson's player hypothesis. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007507.pub2, DiMaggio, P. (1982). Soc. small social groups. Secondary Deviance: Definition & Examples - Study.com What is Deviance? Essay - 1646 Words | Bartleby A. In this sense, the differences between schools concerning students' backgrounds and teachers correlate with educational achievements. Pick out at least two interesting ideas presented in the Schwartz readings for this week. Network effects and social inequality. The similarity matrix of codes shows consistent overlaps among the nodes included in the coding schema. [4] This can be used for hypothesis testing on the deviance. Considering the objective of this paper, for the analysis, we chose to include only those sources that have Sociology as one of their three focus fields. 38, 5571. (2019). Ann. Anthologies and readers on deviance. As the figure shows, the categories of lifestyle and identity are located far from the main center, moving closer to class 2. 31, 695717. Hanging out with the wrong crowd? Deviant Behav. In the late 1800s, many Americans used cocaine, marijuana, and opium, because they were common components of over-the-counter products for symptoms like depression, insomnia, menstrual cramps, migraines, and toothaches. Crime, on the other hand, is conduct that contravenes established law and is sanctioned formally. Integrated Developmental and Life-Course Theories of Offending. Health Psychol. The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective. The exclusion criteria used in the selection process consisted of: Field: at least one of the three of them should be Sociology (Web of Science filter), Studies that have an abstract available on the Internet in English language, For Dataset 1: Articles' impact: top cited filter and most cited for the full-text articles, For Dataset 2: Articles that refer to adolescent deviance (TS 2) and online adolescent deviance (TS 3) for detail see section Stage 1 Preparing the datasets. There are various individualistic causes of deviance and the reason behind deviant behaviour might vary from person to person. (2020), which provides a bridge between online and cyber-deviance by revealing similar patterns in the development of bullying and cyberbullying behavior. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/friends-porn-punk-sensation-seeking-personal/docview/195943947/se-2?accountid=8027, Welsh, W. N., Greene, J. R., and Jenkins, P. H. (1999). For reliability and systematic inquiry, the reviews were performed using the KH Coder software. Higher Educ. If a child is disobedient, a parent can respond immediately, just as a sports referee can immediately exclude a cheating player. Age, social learning, and social bonding in adolescent substance use. Interact. London: Psychology Press; Routledge. Exposure to Online Hate Among Young Social Media Users. A. SAGE Publications Limited. Figure 7. Deviance behavior ranges from serious offenses, classified as delinquent acts (such as property crime, violent crime, delinquency, drug and substance-related crime, white-collar crime, etc.) It may be noticed that the most cited articles are those that deal with classical theories of deviance. 65, 523540. In particular, suppose that M1 contains the parameters in M2, and k additional parameters. doi: 10.1146/annurev.so.01.080175.000321, Giordano, P. C. (2003). Deviance and crime have been studied since the beginning of sociology, and scholars have developed theories about their causes. Based on the mentioned queries, we selected 10% of the most cited articles from the Web of Science database by filtering the obtained results on the field. Small Group Res. 85:e12063. The other side of the fence: a learning- and control-based investigation of the relationship between deviance and friendship quality. Am. Some behavior is considered so harmful that governments enact written laws that ban the behavior. Swagger, ratings and masculinity: theorising the circulation of social and cultural value in teenage boys' digital peer networks. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.01170.x. The present systematic literature review emphasized that the main categories of predictors in the case of deviance consist of family patterns, socio-demographic aspects, socialization, victimization, and school and individual factors. The most relevant constructionist theorists include labeling theories (Erikson, 1962; Lemert, 1967; Ben-Yehuda, 1990; Becker, 1995, 2008), symbolic interactionism (Clinard and Meier, 2015), phenomenological theories (Matza and Blomberg, 2017), and social conflict theories (Foucault, 1971; Jensen et al., 1978; Mills, 1981; Hagan et al., 1985; Katz, 1988; Henry and Milovanovic, 1996; Milovanovic, 1996; Hagan and McCarthy, 1998). Sociol. By the age of 18, Ally has been Seeing deviant behaviour frequently can also ignite deviance among individuals and groups. Inform. subcultural evolution? doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2014.09.003. Health Soc. (1998). School Deviance and Social Control. O'Neil, M., and Ackland, R. (2020). Family deviance, self-control, deviant lifestyles, and youth violent victimization: a latent indirect effects analysis. As the main goal of our study was to offer an overview of the phenomenon of adolescent deviance, we did not use an extensive number of exclusion criteria. Taking everything into consideration, our results show that social scientists employ classical theories of deviance for understanding the nature of the phenomenon and are particularly concerned with identifying the predictors and the interactions between them as related to online and offline deviance. London; New York, NY: Taylor and Francis; Routledge. Taylor, J. D., and Ibanez, L. M. (2015). Click on the arrows to change the translation direction. Mills, M. C., and Tropf, F. C. (2020). Were not monsters we're just really sad sometimes:' hidden self-injury, stigma and help-seeking. A., Moral-Zafra, E., Llor-Esteban, B., and Jimnez-Barbero, J. 6, 281295. As Figure 11 illustrates, the first category, composed mostly of cluster 1 (116 abstracts) and cluster 2 (124 abstracts) data covers the codes, namely, family influence, peer influence, school and education, predictors of cyber-deviance, predictors of deviance, strain theory, religious commitment, self-control, social control, gender, social learning, differential association, opportunity theories, health, well-being, and socioeconomic status. Both innovation and rebellion are forms of deviance. It includes those behaviors that attract negative responses and social controls. SC and AH were responsible for designing the research. Rev. Yoder, R. S. (2011). (1962). Further, we removed the duplicates and were left with 61 articles. DiMaggio, P., and Hargittai, E. (2001). 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">, Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. The network revealed correlations between the predictors of cyber-deviance, deviance, peer influence, children, school and education, delinquency, and deviance and digital environment (Figure 5). Although a majority of sociologists refute this theory as it has proved to be impractical. J. Welsh et al. It is widely accepted that breaking the limit will be tolerated but only up to a point. Religiosity and adolescent substance use: the role of individual and contextual influences. doi: 10.1007/s12187-012-9169-z, Haynie, D. L., and Osgood, D. W. (2005). J. Rev. 44, 500523. doi: 10.1007/s10940-017-9368-3, Sellin, T. (1938). doi: 10.1177/0022427895032004001, Akers, R. L. (1991). Sociol. doi: 10.1080/01639625.2018.1512218, Schwartz, J. According to the author, on an individual level, deviance represents the motivated tendency of an actor to behave in contradiction of one or more institutionalized social rules (Parsons, 1951). Contrary to the perception of social learning theorists that deviance is a result of socialization with peers that have antisocial behavior, social control theorists hold that getting involved in crimes is a process that does not require any learning (Hirschi, 1969; Hirschi and Gottfredson, 2000; Costello and Zozula, 2016). The age-crime curve in adolescence and early adulthood is not due to age differences in economic status. Peer influence and delinquency. Illegitimate eans, anommie, and deviant behavior. Inform. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Thus, the most frequent themes covered in the articles are predictors of deviance (61 articles), school education (60 articles), socioeconomic status (57 articles), age (55 articles), children& adolescents (55 articles**1 present in clusters 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5), abstraction of power (55 articles* present in clusters 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6), family influence (54 articles), deviance (53 articles** present in clusters 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6), health (52 articles), gender (52 articles), and identity (51 articles), as presented in Figure 7. doi: 10.2307/591577, Davies, S. (1999). Because Durkheim thought deviance was inevitable for these reasons, he considered it a normal part of every healthy society. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Deviant Behav. The most frequent nodes in the 488 abstracts are children and adolescents (357** abstracts present in all clusters, but in only a few abstracts in cluster 4), deviance (326** present mostly in clusters 1, 2, 4, and 5 and in a few abstracts from the other clusters), school education (226** present mostly in clusters 1, 2, 4, and 5), predictors of deviance (203** present mostly in clusters 1, 2, and 6), family influence (140* present in clusters 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6), peer influence (138** present in clusters 1, 2, 5, and 6), digital environment (135** present mostly in clusters 3 and 6 and to a less extent in clusters 1, 2, 4, and 5), delinquency (134** present mostly in clusters 1, 2, and 5 and to a less extent in clusters 3, 4, and 6), predictors of cyber-deviance (119** present mostly in clusters 1, 2, and 6 and to a less extent in clusters 3, 4, and 5), gender (107 present in every cluster), and health (101 present in every cluster). (2001). y Further, it elaborates on what causes deviance within society. With regards to adolescents' engagement in deviant behaviors, scholars focused on substance and alcohol use (Durkin et al., 2005; Maimon and Browning, 2012b), marijuana use (Winfree and Griffiths, 1983; Akers and Cochran, 1985; McBroom, 1994; Ennett et al., 1997), school misconduct (Musgrave, 1980; Lepoutre, 2007; Peguero, 2011)), self-injury (Adler and Adler, 2007; Brossard, 2014; Taylor and Ibanez, 2015; Long, 2017), self-harming behaviors such as eating disorders (Sischo et al., 2006), bullying (Juvonen and Graham, 2014; Tippett and Wolke, 2014). The regulation and enforcement of norms. doi: 10.1525/sp.2007.54.2.308, Warr, M., and Stafford, M. (1991). Predicting online harassment victimization among a juvenile population. This class is weakly associated with the automatically constructed hierarchical clusters (a part of cluster 4 that is composed of 61 abstracts). Some deviance is expressed by individuals within a group (for example, a student who wears unusual clothes), and other deviance can be expressed by a group within society (for example, a gang or a cult). Hatos, A., and Bltescu, S. (2013). Spect. We typically decline to violate informal norms, if we even think of violating them in the first place, because we fear risking the negative reactions of other people. Mental Retard. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 64, 703716. Lee (2018) identifies two main theoretical frameworks that explain the occurrence of online deviant behaviors: self-control and social learning theory. Hirschi, T. (2017). 12:1143. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21465-0, Turkel, G. (1990). Deviance differs according to the culture, tradition and environment of a society and country. Behav. Cyberbuilying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. 45, 8397. Available online at: https://books.google.ro/books?hl=en&lr=&id=OgYx8URCnU4C&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=The+Digital+Divide:+The+Internet+and+Social+Inequality+in+International+Perspective&ots=uNQ_zCdjAn&sig=p8qCxJ4M0fXzarpIJmgB6mBdtyo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20Digital%20Divide%3A%20The%20Internet%20and%20Social%20Inequality%20in%20International%20Perspective&f=false, Regnerus, M. D. (2002). doi: 10.1007/s10940-019-09447-4, Holt, T. J. doi: 10.1177/0044118X13499595, Lindell, J. Rev. J. Res. 41, 256275. Am. Bad people acting badly. To provide an understanding and an overview of this field, we considered it necessary to categorize these predictors, which are widely presented in the literature. Deviance can also be informal, such as cheating on a spouse or taking someones possessions without consent, which are not punishable but unwelcome in society. Free, M. D. (1992). Symb. The third criterion was more specific and included articles on online adolescent deviance. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141114, Scheerder, A., Van Deursen, A. J. Hum. The other codes that influenced the composition of the clusters are digital environment (46 articles** present in clusters 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6), online deviance (10 articles** present mostly in cluster 1), delinquency (40 articles** present mostly in clusters 1 and 4, and to a lesser extent in cluster 3, 5, and 6), differential association (10** - present mostly in cluster 4 in 9 articles and in 1 article from cluster 1), social control (23** - present mostly in cluster 4 in 13 articles and in clusters 3, 5 and 6), life-course theory (21** present mostly in clusters 4 and 5 and to a less extent in clusters 3 and 6), digital divide (9** present mostly in cluster 2 and to a less extent in clusters 1, 3, 4, and 5), normative theory (36* present in clusters 3, 4, 5, and 6) and strain theory (36* present mostly in clusters 3, 4, and 5 and to a less extent in cluster 1). 7.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime - OpenStax 32, 157177. From the digital divide to digital inequality: Studying Internet Use as Penetration Increases. Sociology, genetics, and the coming of age of sociogenomics. doi: 10.1007/s10796-017-9810-y, Karaian, L. (2012). Intro to Sociology - Module 3 | Quiz - GoConqr 42, 64103. 15, 703719. 32, 259272. (2020). For this cluster, the most representative codes are peer influence, ethnicity, differential association theory, and the subcultural approach. Deviance can be criminal or noncriminal. c. Social reward for the violation of norms. Thus, the main groups consist of predictors of deviance and cyber deviance (clusters 1 and 2), online deviance and digital environment (clusters 3 and 6), post-positivist and integrative theories of deviance (cluster 5), and a smaller group related to a constructional approach of deviance focused on identity, inequality, and power relations (cluster 4). Deviance refers to rule-breaking behaviour of some kind which fails to conform to the norms and expectations of a particular society or social group. (2020). J. Infect. Studia Univ. Speaking the same language? What is Deviance? - ReviseSociology ), socialization (low self-control, socialization process, selection process, etc. - Differential Association Theory. The word frequency query also revealed the population of interest in the selected studies, namely, adolescent (71), child (31), youth (30), student (14), undergraduate (13), teenage (9), teenager (8), adolescence (5). Mills, C. W. (1981). Aggress. Correspondence analysis of codes and hierarchical clusters in extenso articles. A. G. M., and Hacker, K. (2003). A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. Cybercrime and Society. Theory of convenience: determinants of white-collar crime intention. The third class (72 abstracts of cluster 5) presents an integrative post-positivist approach to deviance and includes main theories such as social control, strain theory, life-course theory, subcultural theory, and social disorganization perspective (creating inequalities among neighborhoods as a cause of deviance). Figure 10. Deviant Behavior. C. Social reward for the violation of norms. ( 3:752. doi: 10.1177/2056305117735752, Lindsay, M., and Krysik, J. (2000). The act of incest is deprecated in many societies, although it may not be considered a gruesome offence but is considered taboo. (2006). J. Abnorm. Friends' influence on adolescent theft and minor delinquency: a developmental test of peer-reported effects. The term deviance can be defined as: Question 1 options: The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. (2004). Rev. Considering the finding of comparing the two figures generated from preliminary coding and self-organizing map of words, we reviewed the classification by manually coding each abstract. Control Hosp. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. Divergent pathways of gentrification. I am aiming to pursue a career in the development sector. The class structure of gender and delinquency: toward a power-control theory of common delinquent behavior. Deviant Behav. (2009). Cyber deviance among adolescents and the role of family, school, and neighborhood: a cross-national study. In statistics, deviance is a goodness-of-fit statistic for a statistical model; it is often used for statistical hypothesis testing. Using the coding schema, we analyzed the full text of the most cited sources (61 articles) using the KH Coder software (through correspondence analysis). Rev. (1971). Q. 57, 448479. Count. Delinquent Boys; The Culture of the Gang. The present systematic literature review makes an important contribution to the understanding of deviance by presenting an overview of the phenomenon. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis; Routledge. Underage drinking, alcohol sales and collective efficacy: informal control and opportunity in the study of alcohol use. Deviant Behav. They had to go through a phase of rebellion and transformation to be legally and socially accepted. Available online at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0044118X20901737?journalCode=yasa. Higuchi, K. (2016). 9, 307314. In relation to cyber-deviance (see Figure 9), the frequent predictors for cyber deviance encompass the following: traditional bullying, offline victimization, parental abuse, alcohol and substance use, Internet access, Internet misuse, compulsive Internet use, substance use, online exposure, parental control, school factors, self-efficacy, socioeconomic status, parenting, digital inequality, information habitus, etc. Lepoutre, D. (2007). Solved 191 52 The term deviance can be defined as: A. The - Chegg Please match the sociologist to his theory: Edwin Sutherland, Differential Association, Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay, Cultural Deviance Theory.
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