The number of cases has also increased from ten per year in the late 1980s to around 80 per year by 2018, scientists report. A case report of primary septicemia being complicated with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates has been reported in the literature [4]. Learn more about Vibrio vulnificus. The high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan reported severe consolidation changes affecting the entire left upper lobe (apart from lingular segment), and the entire left lower lobe (apart from the lateral segment). Vibriosis: - PMC - National Center for Biotechnology Information | READ MORE. Dis. The Gram-negative bacterium V. vulnificus is a common inhabitant of estuarine environments.V. The northward V. vulnificus infection expansion stresses the need for increased individual and public health V. vulnificus awareness in these areas. CAS However, people with mild infection typically are not tested for V vulnificus, so the actual number of infections is unknown. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most commonly reported species, responsible for 45,000 of the 80,000 Vibrio illnesses per year in the United States, the CDC says. Occurrence of Vibrio vunificus cases, deaths, and mortality. When the bacteria get into an open wound, they can kill off otherwise healthy tissue via a phenomenon known as necrotizing fasciitis. Center for International Earth Science Information Network. Chang. infections should be kept in mind when treating patients with recent exposures to seawater and possible contaminated seafood, despite the lack of classical gastro-intestinal and skin symptoms. The model outputs were the probability of V. vulnificus presence and these probabilities were converted into a binary map using the PresenceAbsence package44 in R version 4.0.242. He did not have any gastro-intestinal symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea typical to this infection, throughout his disease course. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Vibrio Species Causing Vibriosis | Vibrio Illness (Vibriosis) | CDC Sabapathi R. Vibrio vulnificus and pulmonary infection. Q. J. R. Meteorol. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Therefore, each grid cell contained 12 values (one average value per calendar month) for the historical period and 12 for a given future time period. Mean precipitation and maximum precipitation were also significant (p<0.001) but each had a lower AUC (0.833 and 0.687). 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. On Fig. infections in patients with high exposure risks and the need for early supportive and appropriate antibiotic therapies. vulnificus is an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause both wound infections and sepsis, typically via exposure to seawater or through consumption of seafood. In addition, a case report on a drowning victim with primary septicemia and pneumonia, with the isolation of lactose positive Vibrio in seawater has also been previously reported [5]. These impacts combine climate change and population change. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Table 1. 29, 430440. People with vibriosis become infected by consuming raw or undercooked seafood or exposing a wound to seawater. Future scenarios of risk of Vibrio infections in a warming planet: a Elliott, L. R. et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from human activity are changing our climate1. Dis. The coastline absent of V. vulnificus infections was defined as northwards from 39.93N to the northernmost point of Newfoundland and Labrador located (60.35N). More Questions & Answers Symptoms Diagnosis & Treatment Laboratory-confirmed cases of V. vulnificus, where the transmission route was confirmed as non-foodborne, foreign travel was not reported, and the patient did not live in the Pacific Region of the US (or travel outside this Region) were extracted (1375 cases) for the years 19882018. The air temperature data36 which has been bias corrected using WorldClim 2.137 to a spatial resolution of 2.5 arcminutes (~4.6km), represents monthly means of the daily maximum air temperatures. Sea surface temperature and salinity were considered but the coarse dataset resolution (25 by 25km vs 5 by 5km for air temperature and precipitation) meant that they were unable to capture conditions close to the coast (where there can be sharp gradients particularly in salinity near to estuaries) especially as the effective resolution (i.e., including density of the underlying salinity observations) may be coarser. Distribution of fatal Vibrio vulnificus necrotizing skin and soft-tissue infections a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vibrio vulnificus is an increasingly recognized human pathogen with a low incidence but a high wound infection fatality rate of~18%12. Infect. The projected expansion of V. vulnificus wound infections stresses the need for increased individual and public health awareness in these areas. Softw. Climate warming and increasing Vibrio vulnificus infections in North America. By 20412060, V. vulnificus infections may expand their current range to encompass major population centres around New York (40.7N). 37, 43024315. Notably, Vibrio vulnificus is not the only bacteria that can cause this affliction. He was a non-smoker, teetotaler and worked at the dockyard as a welder. PubMed Under SSP585, the tmax model (20812100) indicates 14,400km of coastline where infections are present and stretches as far North as the St Lawrence River. There are over 80 species of Vibrio bacteria, over 20 of which can cause vibriosis. New research finds that infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus have increased over the last 30 years and expanded to new geographic areas. The study area includes the USA Gulf Coast, a global hotspot for V. vulnificus infection15, and the Atlantic coastline where reported V. vulnificus infections are increasingly common6. SSP specific future population data were obtained from the ISIMIP ESGF server. Intestinal manifestations are rare. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.05.005 (2019). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Thinkstock Crab meat from . Sci Rep 13, 3893 (2023). The Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance database (COVIS) may be obtained through enquiry to the US Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. A 44-year-old man with a history of poly-substance abuse, cirrhosis, and recent oyster consumption presented to the emergency department in June with acute onset bilateral leg pain associated with rash . Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28247-2. Nature 577, 618620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.05.015 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15716 (2021). Google Scholar. His initial blood culture was positive for Vibrio vulnificus sensitive to Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin and therefore, his antibiotics were changed to intravenous Ceftriaxone and Doxycycline. 23, 131. Exposure case location was assumed as the nearest coastline to an individuals home/travel county, but case location was only used to define the current V. vulnificus distribution. He had a pulse rate of 120bpm and blood pressure of 107/75mmHg. From the air temperature data tmean was calculated as the average of 12-monthly values for each time period. Vibrio vulnificus can make its way into the body through eating raw . Impacts may be especially acute on the worlds coastlines which provide a major interface between natural ecosystems and human populations and are a particular source of human disease. south-eastern USA6), Vibrio spp. The overall impacts under SSP370 are a small increase in the projected number of cases in comparison to 20412060. This is crucial as prompt action when symptoms occur is necessary to prevent major health outcomes32. They might also rise when sewage spills into coastal waters, which is what authorities say likely happened when Hurricane Ian struck Florida last year, followed by an uptick in V. vulnificus infections. Gastroenteritis and sepsis are commonly associated with the consumption of raw oysters, whereas wound infection is often associated with the handling of contaminated fish. Flesh-eating bacteria on beaches: What to know | CNN the elderly, individuals with underlying conditions), and coastal signage during high-risk periods. (linear trend p<0.001). The creation of each model was based upon cells along the coast that were labelled as present/absent for V. vulnificus. Lagniappe News on Twitter: "The latest case of vibriosis confirmed by Brumfield, K. D. et al. Article Clin. Number of notified cases of Vibrio vulnificus infection, crude incidence rate, and age-adjusted incidence rate per 100,000 population by year, 2001-2016. The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview. Questions and Answers | Vibrio Illness (Vibriosis) | CDC The incidence of infections in coastal states is about 0.5 cases per 100 000 individuals per year, with primary septicemia accounting for about two thirds of the cases (Ahmed, 1991). We focus on SSP126 and SSP370 to represent a range of likely socioeconomic trends and greenhouse gas emissions22. Environ. Cases were reported from the Mexican border along the entire coast of the USA to Maine. Our analyses confirm studies which have documented Vibrio infection emergence in new US locations6. conceived the idea and E.J.A. His oxygen requirement gradually rose over the next few days to an FiO2 of 0.8%. Kuhn, M. caret: Classification and Regression Training (2021). J. Clin. Bronchoscopy was performed on day two of ICU care which demonstrated thick secretions from left upper bronchial segments. Vibrio vulnificus is one of several forms of the Vibrio bacteria. Vibrio vulnificus infections are rare. S2S9). Vibrio vulnificus. J Clin Microbiol. 23, 73147340. A lower Required Sensitivity threshold was not applied as V. vulnificus is a rare infection and it is important not to misidentify true locations as absences45. The illness, called vibriosis, comes from eating food contaminated with vibrio bacteria and causes an estimated 52,000 illnesses a year, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , though the vast majority of those illnesses are from the more common species, Vibrio . Pneumonia itself is an atypical manifestation of Vibrio vulnificus and furthermore, this patient was immunocompetent and did not exhibit the classical gastro-intestinal and skin manifestations. However, this shift occurs into less densely populated areas, and within SSP370 there are population reductions under this regional rivalry scenario. Vibrio vulnificus pneumonia with multiorgan failure: a case report and SSP-specific future population data were obtained at the same spatial resolution as annual projections24. Symptoms can include: . Int. However, this is an unlikely worst-case scenario that is at odds with increasing clean energy use22. Length of the coastline where V. vulnificus infections are present (thousands of km) for the tmean (A) and tmax model (B). Analysis was based upon climate data (air temperature and precipitation) obtained from seven GCMs and oceanographic data (sea surface temperature and salinity) for one GCM (see Methods and Table S1 for GCM references). Clim. 111, 32283232. CAS Primers https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-018-0005-8 (2018). PubMed CAS Hauer, M., Center for International Earth Science Information Network-CIESIN-Columbia University. J Am Osteopath Assoc. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) Environ. Natl. ONeill, B. C. et al. 7780, 1020. Vibriosis cases are usually mild but can become severe in people with weakened immune systems. The authors declare no competing interests. Med. After the final models were selected, predictors from the historical data set and from every future SSP / time period combination were passed through the model to produce estimates of current and future V. vulnificus distribution. He was discharged from intensive care on day twelve and made a full recovery. It can also infect open wounds. The bronchoscopy sample did not reveal any positive gram stain or growth. The patient was extubated on day ten to high flow nasal oxygen and discharged from intensive care on day twelve. 42, 153168. He was previously fit and well with no prior medical illness of note. The oceanographic (SST and salinity) and climate (air temperature and precipitation) data were assigned to each cell. Since 1988 CDC has maintained the Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance database (COVIS) for the reporting of human cases of vibriosis and cholera. Microb. Huang, K. C. et al. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Under SSP126, the projected distribution changes little from 20412060 to 20812100. And typically the bacteria are only a summer health hazard, with 85% . Vibrio vulnificus | Florida Department of Health General recommendations for avoiding wound infections: Baseline predictions are almost identical to the current distribution (Fig. The Vibrionacea includes three main human pathogens: Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. We were unable to model changes to the V. vulnificus southern extent, but this bacterium has been isolated from oysters as far south as Tabasco (18.5N)31. 2006;166(19):2117. The 95th latitude percentile (henceforth northern extent) of V. vulnificus cases has extended northwards at 0.43 (~48km) p.a. He also had a transient diarrhea lasting 72h and was treated with Tetracycline and Gentamycin for 14days [6]. Kelly MT, Avery DM. Vibriosis causes an estimated 80,000 illnesses and 100 deaths in the United States every year. Advertising Notice Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria found in warm, low salinity waters. The total reported V. vulnificus cases has increased, from around 10 p.a. In the late 1980s infections were rare above Georgia (32N) but by 2018 were regularly reported as far north as Philadelphia (40N). risk predictions based on the projected distribution of ideal environmental conditions (e.g.,9) but these predictions indicate the probable presence of Vibrio spp. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in South America: water We focus on scenarios SSP1-2.6 which is set against the SSP1 narrative of sustainability and is a low emissions scenario, and SSP3-7.0, which is set against the SSP3 socioeconomic backdrop of regional rivalry20 where resurgent nationalism and regional conflicts shift focus away from climate mitigation leading to medium-to-high emissions. We report the case of a 53-year-old male who was infected with V. vulnificus as the result of a bee sting. Baseline and projected V. vulnificus infection distribution (presence) predicted using tmean and then averaged across seven CMIP6 global climate models for (A) 20412060 and (B) 20812100 under CMIP6 SSP126 and SSP370. It is also likely his premorbid good state of health contributed to his recovery. Version 20201215. Clim. And without intervention to halt global warming, such cases are likely to continue increasing and spreading, according to a paper published Thursday in the journal Scientific Reports. For baseline and all future time periods (20212040, 20412060, 20612080 and 20812100) the mean monthly temperature for each calendarmonth during the period of interest was calculated. Therefore, within our current and future V. vulnificus disease distribution there will be coastal areas where conditions are unsuitable for V. vulnificus bacteria. PubMed Emerging Vibrio risk at high latitudes in response to ocean warming. Vibriosis: For health professionals - Canada.ca Dechet, A. M., Yu, P. A., Koram, N. & Painter, J. Nonfoodborne Vibrio infections: An important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, 19972006. The CMIP6 landscape. The population at risk of V. vulnificus infection was determined as the sum of the population that reside within a 200km buffer surrounding these coastal cells and clipped to the maximum latitude of predicted risk (to be consistent with the method used to assign cases to coastal locations). V. vulnificus cases mostly occurred between July and September of each year (Figure 3). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Projections are presented as maps of infection distribution, length of coastline within this distribution, population at risk within 200km of the distribution and estimated annual case numbers. Overall, the findings suggest the need for more proactive public outreach about V. vulnificus, scientists say, especially if ocean temperatures continue to rise in the future. Necrotizing Fasciitis: All You Need to Know | CDC Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium that causes food-related illness and wound infections. For SSP126 around half the change in case numbers is associated with climate change and the other half population change. The sum of the coastline length within climate cells where presence was calculated for each SSP scenario and future time period. The analysis used future downscaled climate data, bias corrected with current observational data, but future weather patterns may be different. The number of monthly cases was the highest in September (n = 375, 41.1%), followed by August (n . Primary sepsis exhibits mortality rates exceeding 50%, particularly in the immunocompromised. Earth System Grid Federation. This shift increases the population at risk into the densely populated coastal regions of New Jersey and New York. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Beyond that, some people who become infected need to have their limbs amputated. The effects of meteorological conditions and daylight on nature-based recreational physical activity in England. Lactose-positive vibrio in seawater: a cause of pneumonia and septicemia in a drowning victim. From this remaining 90% of the data, 100 random samples were obtained which contained all the presence points and an identical number of randomly selected absence points to ensure that the models were not biased towards predicting either presence or absence. Cookies policy. Most vibriosis infections are caused by two specific types of Vibrio bacteria, Vibrio vulnificus or Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Patients with chronic disease and alcohol use are more prone to severe infections and should be identified as high risk, however, severe infections in the immunocompetent remains a very real possibility. Heng S-P, Letchumanan V, Deng C-Y, Ab Mutalib N-S, Khan TM, Chuah L-H, et al. Although classical virulence factors of this emerging pathogen are well characterised, there remains a paucity of . Google Scholar. Semenza, J. C. et al. United Nations. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084003 (2016). Arch Intern Med. Pulmonary infiltrates associated with Vibrio vulnificus septicemia. Future values represent an average across seven CMIP6 GCMs. Meteorological conditions such as air temperature and precipitation not only influence SST and salinity (SST and air temperature are highly correlated27,28) but can also affect human behaviour and hence exposure to V. vulnificus. For baseline conditions, gridded historical monthly maximum air temperature (C) and monthly total precipitation (mm) were obtained from the WorldClim database for the years 2007 to 2018. Morris noted that vibrio infections, albeit rare, are more likely to cause diarrhea or sepsis, a bacterial infection in the blood that causes organs to shut down, than the deadly flesh-eating. In the past, V. vulnificus cases have typically occurred along the Gulf of Mexico and the southern coast of the Atlantic Ocean but were uncommon in the waters north of Georgia. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. The mean and maximum salinity and mean and maximum SST were then calculated from these 12 values. and JavaScript. These data were subdivided into age categories using SSP-specific future U.S. County-Level Population Projections40. These associations with climate have led to Vibrio species being collectively recognised as a microbial barometer of climate change5. vulnificus causes gastroenteritis and wound infections with severe symptoms that frequently carry a high fatality rate (Jones and Oliver, 2009). The 4 shift in the northern coastline extent where V. vulnificus infections are present under SSP370 projected by 2080 (~0.06 p.a.) V. vulnificus is the most pathogenic of the Vibrio genus: wound infection mortality rates are as high as 18%12 and fatalities have occurred as soon as 48h following exposure10. Vibrio vulnificus | Texas DSHS Equivalent V. vulnificus data from Canada were unavailable, and an absence of case reports in the literature strongly suggests negligeable incidence. This case highlights the occurrence of atypical Vibrio sp. It is transmitted via the consumption of contaminated fish and shellfish and through the skin when exposed to contaminated seawater. Change 122, 387400.
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