Some settler countries have preserved indigenous languages; for example, in New Zealand, the Mori language is one of three official languages, the others being English and New Zealand sign language, another example is Ireland, where Irish is the first official language, followed by English as the second official language. Thus, "the West" acts as a construction in the similar way as does "the Orient" it is a created notion to justify a particular set of power relations, in this case, the colonization and rule of a foreign country. Christianity would eventually emerge from the syncretism of Hellenic culture, Roman culture, and Second Temple Judaism, gradually spreading across the Roman Empire and eclipsing its antecedents and influences. [86][87][88] The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes. It is difficult to determine which individuals or places or trends fit into which category, and the EastWest contrast is sometimes criticized as relativistic and arbitrary. [25], Huntington believed that while the age of ideology had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. [145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152], The transistor, integrated circuit, memory chip, first programming language and computer were all first seen in the West. Western religions - Wikipedia [102], 2012 Eurobarometer polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2012 found that Christianity was the largest religion in the European Union, accounting for 72% of the EU population. [34] European culture developed with a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism, mysticism and Christian and secular humanism. Roman Catholic Christianity, served as a unifying force in Christian parts of Europe, and in some respects replaced or competed with the secular authorities. (Historical Atlas of the World, p. 3). The polka, the square dance, the flamenco, and the Irish step dance are very well known Western forms of folk dance. The soap opera, a popular culture dramatic form, originated in the United States first on radio in the 1930s, then a couple of decades later on television. 05/08/2020 History College answered Westernization is founded on the blank tradition and Abrahamic and beliefs. The Cold War also reinterpreted the definition of the West by excluding the countries of the former Eastern Bloc. Judaism. Even in countries where large populations of indigenous people remain or the indigenous peoples have mixed (mestizo) considerably with European settlers, such as: Mexico, Peru, Panama, Suriname, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, Belize, Paraguay, South Africa, Colombia, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Guyana, El Salvador, Jamaica, Cuba, or Nicaragua, relative marginalisation still exists. Elizabethan theatre, with playwrights including William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson, is considered one of the most formative and important eras for modern drama. The most important Hellenistic centre of learning was Ptolemaic Egypt, which attracted Greek, Egyptian, Jewish, Persian, Phoenician and even Indian scholars. It traces its roots to prehistoric bull worship and sacrifice and is often linked to Rome, where many human-versus-animal events were held. [52][53] Nevertheless, the Celts in the West created some significant literature in the ancient world whenever they were given the opportunity (an example being the poet Caecilius Statius), and they developed a large amount of scientific knowledge themselves (as seen in their Coligny Calendar). Some philosophers have questioned whether Western culture can be considered a historically sound, unified body of thought. While dance, music, visual art, story-telling, and architecture are human universals, they are expressed in the West in certain characteristic ways.[103]. The Buddhism is faith that was founded by the saint Siddhartha Gautama and is more than 2500 years old tradition. The Age of Discovery faded into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, during which cultural and intellectual forces in European society emphasized reason, analysis, and individualism rather than traditional lines of authority. [27] Specific to Taiwan, the industry of bridal photography (see Photography in Taiwan) has been significantly influenced by the Western idea of "love". The current head of the church is the Pope, who resides in Vatican . These important aspects helped shape and build the Islam religion that is now one of the world's most widely practiced religions. Zoroastrianism - HISTORY Westernization reached much of the world as part of the process of colonialism and continues to be a significant cultural phenomenon as a result of globalization. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - CliffsNotes Hinduism Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: Comparison By the end of the Middle Ages cloves, nutmeg, mastic, galingale and other imported spices had become part of the Western cuisine. Due to the colonization of the Americas and Oceania by Europeans, the cultural, ethnic, and linguistic make-up of the Americas and Oceania has been changed. Mormons - HISTORY [160][161], In business, economics, and finance, double entry bookkeeping, credit cards, and the charge card were all first used in the West. Until the 1950s it was commonly assumed that the religions of the surviving Native Americans were little more than curious anachronisms, dying remnants of humankind's childhood. [67] In 1054 came the Great Schism that, following the Greek East and Latin West divide, separated Europe into religious and cultural regions present to this day. This is most visible in settler colonies such as: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States, and to a lesser extent, in some Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay, where the traditional indigenous population has been predominantly replaced demographically by non-indigenous settlers due to transmitted disease and conflict. Those new states often adopted some aspects of Western politics such as a constitution, while frequently reacting against Western culture. More pronounced use and application of innovation and scientific developments, as well as a more rational approach to scientific progress (what has been known as the, This page was last edited on 28 June 2023, at 18:38. The Medieval West referred specifically to the Catholic "Latin" West, also called "Frankish" during Charlemagne's reign, in contrast to the Orthodox East, where Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire. [citation needed] With the exception of Italia, the wealthiest provinces of the Roman Empire were in the East, particularly Roman Egypt which was the wealthiest Roman province outside of Italia. The West of the Mediterranean Region during the Antiquity, The birth of the European West during the Middle Ages, Expansion of the West: the Era of Colonialism (15th20th centuries), Scientific and technological inventions and discoveries. Christianity, primarily the Roman Catholic Church,[7][8][9] and later Protestantism[10][11][12][13] has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization since at least the 4th century,[14][15][16][17][18] as did Judaism. Westernization: 1 n assimilation of Western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization Synonyms: Westernisation Type of: absorption , assimilation the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another Said also argues that this relationship to the "inferior" races, in fact, works to also fortify and make coherent what is meant by "the West"; if "The Oriental is irrational, depraved (fallen), childlike, "different" then "the European is rational, virtuous, mature, normal." In turn, it has been claimed that some European instruments have roots in earlier Eastern instruments that were adopted from the medieval Islamic world. Religion - Wikipedia Westernization Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com Western Religions Flashcards | Quizlet God in Abrahamic religions - Wikipedia Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: A Common Tradition This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Westernization. Empiricism later gave rise to the scientific method, the scientific revolution, and the Age of Enlightenment. tailored to your instructions. Volleyball was created in Holyoke, Massachusetts, a city directly north of Springfield, in 1895. The Palais Garnier in Paris, built between 1861 and 1875, a Beaux-Arts masterpiece, Western foodways were, until recently, considered to have their roots in the cuisines of Classical Rome and Greece, but the influence of Arab and Near Eastern cuisine on the West has become a topic of research in recent decades. Saracens combined sweet ingredients like date-juice and honey with pomegranate, lemons and citrus juices, or other sour ingredients. The Romans exhibited a passion for blood sports, such as the infamous Gladiatorial battles that pitted contestants against one another in a fight to the death. Every year, the emperor dispatched a few envoy ambassadors to China and while they were staying in Beijing, the Western missionaries were there. Introduction to the Catholic Religion: Beliefs, Practices and History The Greeks contrasted themselves with both their Eastern neighbours (such as the Trojans in Iliad) as well as their Northern neighbours (who they considered barbarians). Zoroastrianism | Definition, Beliefs, Founder, Holy Book, & Facts Similarity with U.S. General John C. Bates's uniform. In a broader sense, the Middle Ages, with its fertile encounter between Greek philosophical reasoning and Levantine monotheism was not confined to the West but also stretched into the old East. These traditions lacked sacred texts and fixed doctrines or moral codes and were embedded . Abrahamic Traditions - Retrospect: World Religions - Google Sites This is because each tradition traces lays claim to Abraham as a key founder of the faith. [129][130] Nuclear power stations are derived from the first atomic pile constructed in Chicago in 1942. The insight by Edelman, R., & Wilson, W. (2017) explains This new system of thought and practices imbued with positive values in the exertion and strategic deployment of the human body, embracing the Anglo-American notion that physical activity was meaningful in and of itself, conducive to values such as learning and character-building. Europe fell into political anarchy, with many warring kingdoms and principalities. [122] The percentage of ethnically European Nobel prize winners during the first and second halves of the 20th century were respectively 98 and 94 percent. Religion Milestone 1.docx - You passed this Milestone 25 [a] The term "Middle East" in the mid-19th century included the territory east of the Ottoman Empire but west of ChinaGreater Persia and Greater Indiabut is now used synonymously with "Near East" in most languages. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor working in Springfield, Massachusetts, in the United States. Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. The "Greek" East was generally wealthier and more advanced than the "Latin" West. Literacy became almost universal, encouraging the growth of books, magazines and newspapers. In music, Catholic monks developed the first forms of modern Western musical notation to standardize liturgy throughout the worldwide Church,[104] and an enormous body of religious music has been composed for it through the ages. Religions - The World Factbook The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. Judaism c.) Christianity d.) Islam Click the card to flip a.) [1], The expansion of Greek culture into the Hellenistic world of the eastern Mediterranean led to a synthesis between Greek and Near-Eastern cultures,[2] and major advances in literature, engineering, and science, and provided the culture for the expansion of early Christianity and the Greek New Testament. Westernization - Wikipedia to 1950, Paperback 9 November 2004, p. 284, Tom McInally, The Sixth Scottish University. The rediscovery of the Justinian Code in Western Europe early in the 10th century rekindled a passion for the discipline of law, which crossed many of the re-forming boundaries between East and West. [94] Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals, plants[95] and fire. Said references Arthur Balfour, the British Prime Minister from 1902 to 1905, who regarded the rise of nationalism in Egypt in the late 19th century as counterproductive to a "benevolent" system of occupational rule. In physics, the science of mechanics and quantum mechanics, relativity, thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics were all developed by Westerners. As examined by author Bonnie Adrian, Taiwanese bridal photos of today provide a striking contrast to past accepted norms, contemporary couples often displaying great physical affection and, at times, placed in typically Western settings to augment the modernity, in comparison to the historically prominent relationship, often stoic and distant, exhibited between bride and groom. Until the Age of Enlightenment,[68] Christian culture took over as the predominant force in Western civilization, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science for many years. Many countries had Western types of government and military practices imposed on them. The philosophy and science of Classical Greece were largely forgotten in Europe after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, other than in isolated monastic enclaves (notably in Ireland, which had become Christian but was never conquered by Rome). Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis Roman civil law code was created in the East in his capital of Constantinople,[64] and that city maintained trade and intermittent political control over outposts such as Venice in the West for centuries. This paper compares Hinduism on the one part, and Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other part based on the existent points commonality in the Abrahamic religions. The eradication of smallpox, was led by a Westerner, Donald Henderson. As in other areas, the Jewish diaspora and Judaism exist in the Western world. In the Catholic or Frankish west, Roman law became the foundation on which all legal concepts and systems were based. Native American religions, religious beliefs and sacramental practices of the indigenous peoples of North and South America. Western culture has developed many themes and traditions, the most significant of which are:[citation needed]. Newly-found schools, permanent ambassadors, and privy councils were an essential improvement for the Empire. The West has become increasingly biased and close-minded in their perception of "non-Western" countries such as China, declaring it an "un-free" country for not following a democratic form of government. Many musical instruments developed in the West have come to see widespread use all over the world; among them are the guitar, violin, piano, pipe organ, saxophone, trombone, clarinet, accordion, and the theremin. The predecessor of the skyscraper can be found in the medieval towers erected in Bologna. The importance of sports partly comes from its connection to Westernization. 1 For the Jews, Abraham is the patriarch who received the covenant and bore the promised offspring that led to the twelve tribes of Israel. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines.[26]. [citation needed], The world's most widely adopted system of measurement, the International System of Units, derived from the metric system, was first developed in France and evolved through contributions from various Westerners. Westernization (or Westernisation), also Europeanisation or occidentalization (from the Occident), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, science, education, politics, economics, lifestyle, law, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, diet, clothing, language, writing system, religion, and philosophy. During colonialism it often involved the spread of Christianity.[1]. The area that had formerly been considered the Orient ("the East") became the Near East as the interests of the European powers interfered with Meiji Japan and Qing China for the first time in the 19th century. According to the "Theory of the Globe scrambled by Social network: a new Sphere of Influence 2.0", published by Jura Gentium (University of Florence), the increasing role of Westernization is characterized by social media. The Western religions are the religions that originated within Western culture, which are thus historically, culturally, and theologically distinct from Eastern, African and Iranian religions. After the break-up of the USSR in late 1991 and the end of the Cold War, many of its component states and allies nevertheless underwent Westernization, including privatization of hitherto state-controlled industry.[32]. Is Abraham the Father of Three Faiths? Inspecting Ibrahim in Islam The technique of browning pieces of meat and simmering in liquid with vegetables is used in many recipes from the Baghdad cookery book. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He explains the decline of Western influence, stating reasons as to the loss of Western credibility with the rest of the world. Today, most modern uses of the term refer to the societies in the West and their close genealogical, linguistic, and philosophical descendants. The Eastern Orthodox Church founded many cathedrals, monasteries and seminaries, some of which continue to exist today. [28] Though Western concepts may have initially played a role in creating this cultural shift in Taiwan, the market and desire for bridal photography has not continued without adjustments and social modifications to this Western notion. There are essentially no taboos against depicting a god, or other religious figures, in a representational fashion. For about five hundred years, the Roman Empire maintained the Greek East and consolidated a Latin West, but an eastwest division remained, reflected in many cultural norms of the two areas, including language. Much of Western architecture emphasizes repetition of simple motifs, straight lines and expansive, undecorated planes. [19][20][21][22] A cornerstone of Western thought, beginning in ancient Greece and continuing through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, is the idea of rationalism in various spheres of life developed by Hellenistic philosophy, scholasticism and humanism. Western Civilization, Our Tradition. [citation needed], In medicine, the pure antibiotics were created in the West. There is an increasing perception that Western countries will prioritize their domestic problems over international issues, despite their spoken and written promises of having global interests and needs. Westernization began with traders, colonizers, and missionaries from western Europe who believed that their way of life was superior to those of the peoples in the countries to which they traveled. Both Petronius' Satyricon (c. 60CE) and the Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu (c. 1000CE) have been cited as the world's first major novel but they had a very limited long-term impact on literary writing beyond their own day until much more recent times. [123], The West is credited with the development of the steam engine and adapting its use into factories, and for the generation of electric power. Jan van Eyck, among other renaissance painters, made great advances in oil painting, and perspective drawings and paintings had their earliest practitioners in Florence. The Olympic Games revived many of the sports of classical antiquitysuch as Greco-Roman wrestling, discus and javelin. English migrants took antecedents of baseball to America during the colonial period. The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the Second Industrial Revolution in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats, and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories. The first digital broadcast satellite (DBS) system began transmitting in US in 1975. The validity of reason was postulated in both Christian philosophy and the Greco-Roman classics. Philosophers of the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Ren Descartes, John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, Voltaire (16941778), Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant,[76] who influenced society by publishing widely read works. 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Westernization Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster The United States also developed unique variations of English sports. westernization: [noun] conversion to or adoption of western traditions or techniques. Publications include Encyclopdie (175172) that was edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. [citation needed]. Historians divide history into large and small units in order to make characteristics and changes clear to themselves and to students. [131], Communication devices and systems including the telegraph, the telephone, radio, television, communications and navigation satellites, mobile phone, and the Internet were all invented by Westerners. "Isaac Newton." [54] The rise of Christianity reshaped much of the Greco-Roman tradition and culture; the Christianised culture would be the basis for the development of Western civilization after the fall of Rome (which resulted from increasing pressure from barbarians outside Roman culture). Fried pieces of beef simmered in wine with sugar and cloves was called bruet of Sarcynesse in English. He states: the 5.6 billion people who live outside the West no longer believe in the innate or inherent superiority of Western civilization. Realistic portraiture is especially valued. [132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139] The pencil, ballpoint pen, Cathode ray tube, liquid-crystal display, light-emitting diode, camera, photocopier, laser printer, ink jet printer, plasma display screen and World Wide Web were also invented in the West. Depictions of the nude human male and female in photography, painting, and sculpture are frequently considered to have special artistic merit. [citation needed] Concepts of what is the West arose out of legacies of the Western and the Eastern Roman Empire. The term "western" draws on an affiliation with, and/or a perception of, a shared philosophy, worldview, political, and religious heritage grounded in the Greco-Roman world, the legacy of the Roman Empire, and medieval concepts of Christendom. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. General reactions to Westernization can include fundamentalism, protectionism, or embrace to varying degrees. Sugar, almonds, pistachios, rosewater, and dried citrus fruits were all novelties to the Crusaders who encountered them in Saracen lands. [166][167][168][169][170], The roots of modern-day Western mass media can be traced back to the late 15th century, when printing presses began to operate throughout wealthy European cities. [3][4][5] This period overlapped with and was followed by Rome, which made key contributions in law, government, engineering and political organization.[6]. See more. Types of Judaism Jewish Holidays Judaism is the world's oldest monotheistic religion, dating back nearly 4,000 years. Thus, much of the learning of classical antiquity was slowly reintroduced to European civilization in the centuries following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. ", Tranter, N. L. "Popular sports and the industrial revolution in Scotland: the evidence of the statistical accounts. Western Civilization, Our Tradition - Intercollegiate Studies Institute The discoveries and inventions by Westerners in electromagnetism include Coulomb's law (1785), the first battery (1800), the unity of electricity and magnetism (1820), BiotSavart law (1820), Ohm's Law (1827), and Maxwell's equations (1871). This page was last edited on 26 June 2023, at 21:22. Similarly, sports such as cricket, rugby, and netball were exported around the world, particularly among countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, thus India and Australia are among the strongest cricketing states, while victory in the Rugby World Cup has been shared among New Zealand, Australia, England, and South Africa. Western Civilization | Bruce D. Benson Center for the Study of Western Sports became such a prominent part of their culture that the Greeks created the Olympic Games, which in ancient times were held every four years in a small village in the Peloponnesus called Olympia.
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