Mao Zedong Facts A month later, wall posters appeared attacking Jiang and three other radicals as the Gang of Four, and the attacks grew progressively more hostile. Retrieved June 29, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mao-zedong-1, Born December 26, 1893Shaoshan, Hunan Province of ChinaDied September 9, 1976Beijing, China, Chairman of the People's Republic of China. Mao is often compared to Qin Shihuangdi (259 bce210 bce), the First Emperor of Qin, a brilliant but ruthless leader who created the first unified Chinese empire in 221 bce. ed. Mao Zedong During the Korean War, many U.S. policy-makers believed that China was a satellite ofor indirectly ruled bythe Soviet Union. Mao Zedong Terrill, Ross. Although he described his father as a "rich peasant," the family clearly had to work hard for a living. Under Mao's brilliant leadership the party fought from one victory to another, till it took power in 1949. Mao wasted no time in consolidating Communist rule; he proclaimed the founding of the Peoples Republic of China on October 1, 1949, and moved decisively to consolidate its borders and occupy and reintegrate Tibet. His father, Mao Jensheng, had started out as a poor peasant but eventually paid off his debts, became a landowner, and started a Mao Zedong On his return to Hunan in the following year, Mao was already committed to communism. Doctrinally, this development was anything but orthodox Marxism. ." WebMao Zedong , or Mao Tse-tung, (born Dec. 26, 1893, Shaoshan, Hunan province, Chinadied Sept. 9, 1976, Beijing), Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led Chinas communist revolution and served as chairman of the Peoples Republic of China (194959) and chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP; 193176). Mao finally came into his own during the famous Long March in 1934 to 1936, when the Communists had to flee from Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-sheks fifth and finally successful military encirclement campaign to surround their base area and destroy them. By early 1941 the united front between the KMT and CCP had come to exist in name only. Bands of young Chinese, called Red Guards, ransacked museums, libraries, temples, and people's homes. Despite these international concerns, Mao launched a wide-ranging program of reconstruction and nationalization in major industrial and commercial cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou (Canton). Mao Zedong and China's Revolutions: A Brief History with Documents. Encyclopedia of World Biography. By the 1960s, disputes between China and the Soviet Union had grown into a struggle for leadership of the communist world. "Mao Zedong Mao Zedong led communist forces in China through a long revolution beginning in 1927 and ruled the nations communist government from its establishment in 1949. Korean War Reference Library. Occupation: Leader of the Communist Party of China Born: December 26, 1893 in Shaoshan, Hunan, China Died: September 9, 1976 in Beijing, China Best known for: Founding Father of the People's Republic of China Biography: Mao Zedong (also called Mao Tse-tung) founded the People's Republic of China and was the primary Red Star over China. Born Mao Tse-tung on December 26, 1893, Mao Zedong grew up on a The Communists, he argued, should lead the peasants or get out of the way. A brief guide to Mao, his views, and other people's views of him is provided in Jerome Ch'en, Mao (1969). However, the date of retrieval is often important. Mao Zedong In 1957, Mao called those people who spoke out enemies or rightists (reform-seeking individuals, often communist, are referred to as leftists). With the rise of theChinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921, of which Mao was one of fifty founding members, these activities were pursued with added energy and to a greater depth. Although he described his father as a "rich peasant," the family clearly had to work hard for a living. Organized into battalions of "Red Guards," the students were sent throughout the countryside in order to create local rebellions. [2] Typical of many Hunanese villages, Shaoshanchong was situated in a narrow valley surrounded by mountains. Growing up in rural Hunan, Mao described his father as a stern disciplinarian, who would beat him and his three siblings, the boys Zemin and Zetan , as Mao died on Sept. 9, 1976, and the radicals in the party lost their protector. An unspecified, but probably large, number of victims died or suffered permanent damage to their health from forced labor, abuse, and malnutrition in the camps. became a Marxist, and in 1921 was a founding member of the Chinese Communist Party in Shanghai. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 534551. WebBiography >> Cold War. London: V. Gollancz, 1937. The Russian Revolution of 1917 had shown that workers could carry out a revolution and gain control of the government. Mao Zedong was born in Shaoshan, Hunan, China, on December 26, 1893. Encyclopedia.com. Mao developed his theory around the revolutionary potential of the rural peasantry, rather than the city-based, industrial workers of Marxist/Leninist ideology. At least four hundred thousand of these people were beaten to death. see also China, After 1945; Chinese Revolutions. Nationalists (Chinese): the ruling party led by Chiang Kai-shek in China from the 1920s until 1949, when the Nationalists were defeated by the Communists in the Chinese Civil War and forced to withdraw to the island of Taiwan (formerly Formosa). Encyclopedia.com. WebShaoshan is the birthplace of the late Chairman Mao Zedong. CHINA TODAY Along with other intellectuals around him, he became interested in the works of Karl Marx (18181883), a German political philosopher who developed a theory of socialism, a system in which there is no private property, and business and industry are owned by the workers. Although the communists had less money and were poorly armed, they had received the support of China's large peasant class. He received a traditional education in the classics at a primary school in the village of Shaoshan. Given the merciless nature of political conflict in Republican China (19111949) and the extraordinary brutality of the Japanese occupation (19311945), it is no surprise that Mao concluded that a "revolution is not a dinner party" (Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan, 1927). Schram, Stuart. Mao: A Biography. Eventually Chiang was able to drive the Communists out of their base areas on the Long March (a year-long, six-thousand-mile journey through the hills of Shensi). Its effort gradually produced results: Mao first lost his control over the army he had organized and trained, then his position in the soviet party, and finally even much of his power in the soviet government. Mao Zedong. After a short period as an elementary school principal and political activist back home in Hunan, he became a founding member of the Chinese Communist Party, which was formally established in Shanghai on July 23, 1921. For thousands of years, the country had been controlled by emperors (kings) in a series of dynasties, periods in which one particular family rules, sometimes for centuries. Although U.S. intervention had placed Taiwan beyond their grasp, by the mid to late-1950s things had gone very well for the Communists, and for this much credit must go to Mao and his fellow party leaders. Highly literate and sensitive, he was dedicated to a relentless struggle against inequality and injustice; thus at times he was capable of utter ruthlessness. In 1921, Mao became a founding member of the CCP, attending the first meeting of the party in Shanghai. Farm output increased dramatically. The nearly 9,700-kilometer (6,000-mile) move became known as the "Long March.". His father, Mao Yichang , was a formerly impoverished peasant who had become one of the wealthiest farmers in Shaoshan. The Korean War (19501953) against the "imperialist" United States provided the backdrop for class warfare against so-called capitalist elements, designed to rectify abuses tenant farmers and workers had endured in the past. Lee, Hong Yung (1978). In the winter of 192425, Mao returned to his native village of Shaoshan for a rest. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. . Mao was a complex personality who was torn between admiration for Chinas past imperial glory and despair at its parlous condition in the closing decades of the nineteenth century, when he was born. One of his final major acts was to reopen contact with the United States. Mao Zedong, also spelled Mao Tse-tung, was born on December 26, 1893, into a Chinese homeland that appeared to be falling apart. . Withdrawal of Soviet material aid practically all but ended China's attempt to copy the Soviet model. Chinese and Taiwanese History: Biographies, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Mao Zedong. Mao more than any other modern leader is remembered as changing the fate of China. New York: Henry Holt, 2000. The campaign tore the country apart from 1966 to 1969, forcing Mao to call for military intervention to restore order, and it dragged on destructively until his death in 1976. Encyclopedia.com. But as the Russians looked about China, they found their interests drawn not to the newly emerging Chinese Communist Party, but to a far larger and better organized group, the Nationalist party (Kuomintang), begun by revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen (18661925). He began his life as a librarian and teacher while studying both left-wing Western political texts and the writings of ancient Chinese scholars. Mao Zedong: Biography, Cultural Revolution, Major Facts Mao Zedong In a drive to make steel, people melted all the tools they had, but their primitive methods produced useless steel. New York: Random House. But Mao knew that the Communist Party's real support was to come from the peasants. In 1925 when the coalition ran into problems, Mao was sent back to Hunan to "convalesce," or recover. "Mao Zedong Died January 8, 1976 Growing up in rural Hunan, Mao described his father as a stern disciplinarian, who would beat him and his three siblings, the boys Zemin and Zetan , as 2023 . WebBiography >> Cold War. Mao Zedong Biography WebDuring the first half of 1924, he lived mostly with his wife and two infant sons in Shanghai, where he was a leading member of the Nationalists Executive Bureau. A modest earth-and-wood structure facing two ponds, it consists of front and rear yards with main rooms and wing rooms. Spence, Jonathan D. Mao Zedong. WebMao Zedong was born in Shaoshan, Hunan, China, on December 26, 1893. ed. Retrieved June 29, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mao-zedong. In order to escape, Mao led his Red Army on a year-long, 6,000-mile (9,654-kilometer) march to reach Shaanxi in northwest China and set up a new base. English historian Lord Acton (18341902), in his famous observation on power, concluded that great men are almost always bad men, and, in the case of Mao, there is considerable truth to this. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mao-zedong-3, "Mao Zedong Mao's main task was to coordinate the policies of both parties; however, he was unable to prove himself in this position due to his lack of academic and social standing. Schram, Stuart R. 1969. There are entriguing stories about every corner of the place, involving both well-known figures and some young rank-and-filers. On October 1, 1949, Mao was proclaimed president of the newly established People's Republic of China. Mao Zedong (1965). First, pro-Soviet communists returned from Moscow to work for the Bolshevization of the party. High-rises crown the new skyline, and luxury autos like BMW and Mercedes flash by on the road. In 1921 he cofounded the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Mao had two younger brothers and one younger sister. All Rights Reserved E-mail: webmaster@china.org.cn Tel: 86-10-88828000, Geographic and Social Frontiers: Southwest Tibet, Eco-agriculture and Eco-tourism Power Nanchangs Green Development, Balance Environmental Protection and Economic Prosperity Nanchang Looks to European Technology for Green Development, Sustainable Growth Requires Wiser Energy Use, Chinese Economy: On the Path of Scientific Development, A Retrospect of Understanding and Consensus Reached Between China and Japan on the Diaoyu Islands, SCO Explores New Pattern for Regional Cooperation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1960. collective farm: a farm under government control, in which the government dictates what will be grown, how much of it, and what the farmworkers will be paid for their work. "Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan, March 1927." Encyclopedia.com. Therefore, after 1949 the CCP was left to follow the example of the Soviet Union, with Soviet aid in the years of the cold war, the four-decade period of sour relations between Communist and free-world powers. Skeptical of Western sincerity and iconoclastic toward Confucianism, Mao sought inspiration from Marx's class struggle and Lenin's anti-imperialism to become a Communist. For his courage and leadership during this journey, Mao was elected chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. That same year Mao encouraged people to offer helpful criticism of the Communist Party, a policy he called Let One Hundred Flowers Bloom. Incomplete evidence from China's countryside suggests that it often served as a pretext for the continuation of local clan conflict by other means. The Korean War (19501953) could not have come at a worse time for the new regime, but at great cost Chinese troops succeeded in repulsing the U.S. advance into the north, near the Yalu River on the Chinese border. Mao died on Sept. 9, 1976, and the radicals in the party lost their protector. In a weakened position, Mao fought back by instituting the Cultural Revolution. . Marxism: the belief, originating with German political philosopher Karl Marx, that a revolution by the working class would eventually lead to a classless society. Encyclopedia.com. . In the early 1960s, Mao stepped down as leader of the government, but still controlled the Chinese Communist Party. The Great Leap Forward in 1958, calling for the establishment of small backyard factories in the towns and giant peoples communes (consolidated cooperative enterprises) in the countryside, resulted in an economic lurch backward. The years of this struggle within the party coincided with Chiang Kai-shek's (18971975) successes in his anti-Communist campaigns. Feigon, Lee. ed. In September of 1976, Mao died. See also Harrison Salisbury's The Long March (1987); Dic, Wilson's Mao Tse-tung in the Scales of History; and Brantly Womack's The Foundations of Mao Zedong's Political Thought 1917-1935 (1982). UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography. They lost what little wealth they had. They looked to Japan, the United States, and European countries for help in modernizing China's industry, agriculture, science, and armed forces. Chastened, and under criticism from his more moderate colleagues, Mao agreed to step back from the forefront of leadership; he turned his attention to the growing ideological polemic marking the growing Sino-Soviet split and left it to others to repair the untold damage at home. This was the first truly nationalist war China had ever fought, in which the nation as a whole united to face the common foe. But this could not be done so long as the CCP remained under the Russian wing. At the age of eighteen, Mao joined the revolutionary army as a common soldier. With the, people's support they were able to drive the Nationalists out of mainland China and onto the island of Taiwan (formerly Formosa). In 1917 and 1918, Chinese revolutionaries watched as the masses took power and overthrew the government in the Russian Revolution. An understanding of the historical background of Mao's revolutionary activities is provided by Jerome Ch'en, Mao and the Chinese Revolution (1965). One of these soviets was Mao's Ching-kang Mountain base area between Kiangsi and Hunan, where he had to rely chiefly on the support of the poor peasants. Kolpas, Norman. In August 1945, when the Japanese, who were occupying Korea, were defeated to end World War II, the general order for the Japanese surrender included an arrangement for Korea in which the Americans were to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel (the dividing line between northern and southern Korea) and the Soviets, who were already on the Korean border, would receive the surrender north of it. WebMao Zedong , or Mao Tse-tung, (born Dec. 26, 1893, Shaoshan, Hunan province, Chinadied Sept. 9, 1976, Beijing), Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led Chinas communist revolution and served as chairman of the Peoples Republic of China (194959) and chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP; 193176). The new leaders, more moderate, worked to rebuild the country. The following year Mao ordered the Red Guards to disband and peace was restored. Third World refers to poor, underdeveloped or economically developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Communism is a system of government in which a single party, the Communist Party, controls all aspects of people's lives. . The Chinese were isolated in relation to other world powers. Chiang Kai-sheks (18871975) bloody coup in the spring of 1927 effectively destroyed the Communist organizations in Shanghai and other major cities, forcing them to find refuge in Jiangxi province, in the mountainous hinterland in south-central China, adjacent to Hunan where Mao had been born and raised. In 1929 the house was confiscated and then demolished by the Kuomintang government. He studied them, tried to understand their grievances, and agitated among them. WebMao Zedong was born on 26 December 1893, in Shaoshan village, Hunan. Mao Zedong Mao Zedong was born in December 1893 in Hunan, a province in central China. In Marxist-Leninist theory, Mao discovered a penetrating Western critique of the West, which enabled him to adopt many of its revolutionary premises (and promises) without abandoning Chinas own impressive cultural heritage. Mao Zedong Biography 29 Jun. 2023 . (June 29, 2023). His revolutionary idealism would take a heavy toll on China in the years to come. (June 29, 2023). With the help of General Zhu De, he joined military doctrine to his political thinking to create the guerrilla tactics of the "people's war" and build the Red Army. Mao Tse-tung (also spelled Zedong) was the principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier and statesman who led his nation's Cultural Revolution. ." WebShe reemerged in 1974 as a cultural leader and spokeswoman for Maos new policy of settling down.. In an earlier time, Mao would have embraced "tank man" as a vital part of his people's war, because he stood up against the government. There they built a strong rebel government, attracting more and more people to their cause. CHINA TODAY Born in Hunan on Dec. 26, 1893, Mao Zedong did not venture outside his home province until he was 25. The failure of the Great Leap Forward impaired Mao's power and prestige even further. Undoubtedly, for Mao occupies a historical position comparable to individuals such as Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Genghis Khan, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Qin Shihuangdithese individuals were a frustrating mix of good and bad, but they all left a distinctive imprint on their own historical ages. One of the four gray brick buildings is now open to the public, with other rooms maintained as they were when originally occupied by Mao. Communism was adapted from the theories of German philosopher Karl Marx (18181883) and Russian revolutionary Vladimir I. Lenin (18701924). He wanted to speed up the pace of economic growth, based on industrial development and the collectivization of agriculture; and he wanted to emancipate China from the bonds of the Soviet alliance, which he found increasingly restrictive. 2023 . He swam in the heavily polluted rivers of south China as well as the stormy ocean off the north China coast, where the Communist Party leadership gathered for its annual conferences. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mao-zedong, "Mao Zedong ." 29 Jun. Occupation: Leader of the Communist Party of China Born: December 26, 1893 in Shaoshan, Hunan, China Died: September 9, 1976 in Beijing, China Best known for: Founding Father of the People's Republic of China Biography: Mao Zedong (also called Mao Tse-tung) founded the People's Republic of China and was the primary New York: Henry Holt. . It was called Tiananmen Square. In 1911, when he was just 18, the Qing dynasty, better known in the West as the Manchu, was overthrown. In 1944, when Written on Water was first published, Shanghai was a city of commerce and fashion and unwilling political entanglement. Whiting, Allen S. China Crosses the Yalu: The Decision to Enter the Korean War. Mao Zedong's father was known to beat him and his siblings. Therefore, after 1949 the CCP was left to follow the example of Russia, with Russian aid in the years of the cold war. At the Communists new base area in Yanan, a small county seat in Chinas arid northwest region, Mao built an elaborate system of ideology, organization, guerrilla warfare, and rural recruitment that led quickly to the emergence of a powerful political movement, backed up by its own military forces (the Red Army). New York: Grove. There, he was introduced to Western ideas and became involved in the revolution against the Manchu Dynasty. American journalist Edgar Snow arrived in Yanan in 1936 and interviewed top CPC leaders including Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. Mao Zedong was born in Shaoshan, Hunan, China, on December 26, 1893. A stunning moment occurred when a young man stood before the line of tanks in Tiananmen Square that June day, halting their progress with his mere presence. From 1927, when a breach between the CCP and GMD occurred, to 1934, Mao established rural bases in Jiangxi and Fujian provinces in southeast China, and engaged in guerrilla warfare to resist the superior GMD forces. Mao Zedong was a Chinese statesman whose status as a revolutionary in world history is probably next only to that of Vladimir Lenin (18701924). Mao Tse-tung (also spelled Zedong) was the principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier and statesman who led his nation's Cultural Revolution.
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