Routledge. It the later iteration of the theory, Buzan and Wver put a stronger emphasis on the rhetorical structure of speech acts, underlining the importance of raising the securitised issue above the threshold of so-called "normal politics".Here, powerful societal actors produce security discourses, by framing an issue as an existential threat to a specific referent object (a valued object that . (1999). London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, The Copenhagen School and Beyond. http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0091.xml#. The Paris School argues that securitisation does not always require definition and existential threats, drama and breaking from normal politics. The Copenhagen School of security studies is a school of academic thought with its origins in international relations theorist Barry Buzan's book People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations, first published in 1983.The Copenhagen School places particular emphasis on the non-military aspects of security, representing a shift away from traditional security . (Ed.). Suvlovic V (2010) Meaning of Security and Theory of Securitization (October 5). Critical security studies: An introduction (2nd ed.). A Closer Look at Securitisation Theory. The European Union and the securitization of migration. For individuals or groups to speak security does not guarantee the success (Buzan et al., 1998, p. 31). Contemporary security and strategy. The third building block of securitisation theory, the conceptualisation of audience, is also rather problematic as the Copenhagen School does not offer any substantial definition or discussion on this matter. General Overviews The concept of securitization was originally formulated in Wver 1995, and worked out more systematically in Buzan, et al. 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Brauch, H. G. (2011). New Security Challenges Series. Edited by Myriam Dunn Cavelty and Victor Mauer, 5672. Balzacq, Thierry. In: Romaniuk, S., Thapa, M., Marton, P. (eds) The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Absenting the absence of future dangers and structural transformations in securitization theory. Bagge Laustsen, C., & Wver, O. Saleh, A. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Security Dialogue, 42(45), 465480. (2013). Review of International Studies, 23(02), 241250. Updated June. studies. This leads the Copenhagen school to define securitization as a speech act that has to fulfill three rhetorical criteria. However, sectors in this context were primarily seen as analytical 'lenses', as complexity-reducing cuts through a complex social reality. Security Dialogue, 46(6), 548567. a priest) creates a social fact of marriage though a series of utterances that culminate in the words I pronounce you husband and wife (Austin, 1975, p. 13). Regional security complexes (RSC) are defined as distinct and stable patterns of security interaction between actors. The concept of securitization is currently still most fully developed in Security: A New Framework for Analysis (1998), which, however, draws upon earlier reflections by Waever in Securitization and Desecuritization (1995), Concepts of Security (1997) and a number of unpublished manuscripts including Security, the Speech Act (1989a) (see also Waever, 2003). Google Scholar, Abulof, U. It is argued that under certain circumstances it may be possible to come to a limited regional security cooperation which could eventually lead in the end to a security architecture in the whole Middle East. Williams, Michael C. Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics. International Studies Quarterly 47.4 (2003): 511531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829811425889, Wilkinson, C. (2007). Buzan was a major contributor to the Copenhagen School of political thought, being the first to the various forms of securitization by the state. (2014). Finally, securitization processes of the Baltic States in Russia are analyzed. Spring. (1998). Correspondence to (2011). Overview of Health and Human Security Case Studies. Further alterations of borders of this complex related to the Baltic States can only be expected with significant de-securitization. McDonald, Matt. It is reflected in the static and decisionist interpretation of securitisation theory, which has been promoted by the Copenhagen School. Millennium Journal of International Studies, 40(2), 235258. From 1988 to 2002 he was Project Director at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI). Secondly, it considers the case of Russia's policy of normalization towards Chechnya since 2000, as an exemplary case-study to illustrate the politics at play in the nature and practice of de-securitizations, especially if and how this plays out across multiple referent objects. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.615.5880&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Risk analysis A field within security studies? In doing so, it will focus on the discussion on the main conceptual building blocks of the theory, outlining their characteristics and critique reflected in the current securitisation literature. In this way, the Copenhagen School looks at the process of constructing security as locked between securitisation (introduction of an issue to non-political exceptionality) and desecuritisation (reintroduction of an issue to normal politics) (Wver, 1995b). Accessed 9 Dec 2017, Fowkes B (2002) Ethnic conflict and compromise in the former soviet union. Rothe, D. (2016). St. Martins Press, New York, Humphrey T (1983) Immanuel Kant; perpetual peace and other essays. London: Routledge. From 1995 to 2002 he was research Professor of International Studies at the University of Westminster, and before that Professor of International Studies at the University of Warwick. This wave of terrorism is a performance both in that (1), it, The International Journal of Intelligence, ABSTRACT Despite Ghanas non-experience of terrorism amid the internal and external threats, scholars are yet to push this subject into the realm of discourse. Extraordinary or ordinary emergency measures: What, and who, defines the success of securitization? Their involvement in regional security issues should be most often seen as them being drawn in by regionally generated matters; not necessarily as great power issues penetrating an RSC, although that can happen as well. http://www.bezbednost.org/upload/document/sulovic_(2010)_meaning_of_secu.pdf. Bigo, D. (2002). The conception of security not as an objective fact, but as an intersubjectively constructed social phenomenon is the mainstay of the Copenhagen school of IR. Societal Security, State Security, and Internationalisation. Floyd argues that the recent fixation on the power of an audience may in fact deteriorate the real picture of securitisation and lead to false results (2016, pp. 78. PubMedGoogle Scholar. As Wver points out in his earlier writings, something is a security problem when the elites declare it to be so (1995b, pp. As Huysmans indicates, even exceptionalist securitisation is never simply an imposition of the end of normal politics as it always entails the opening up of a political terrain of contestation of democratic political organisation and authorisation (Huysmans, 2014, p. 69). The things we do with words: Ilongot speech acts and speech act theory in philosophy. Political theology: Four chapters on the concept of sovereignty. Paris, R. (2001). https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1510193, Stritzel, H. (2007). https://doi.org/10.1093/OBO/9780199743292-0091. http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800072, van Munster, R. (2009). The politics of insecurity: Fear, migration and asylum in the EU. In the meantime, the concept has also been explicated and transformed by various critics of a second generation of securitization scholarship (see in particular Balzacq, 2011; Vuori, 2008; Stritzel, 2007; 2012; Floyd, 2010) and applied to numerous specific perceived security problems ranging from migration and the environment to cyberthreats. The end of the Cold War and its bipolarity which forced states to choose sides in the ideological conflict gave way to states creating . https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800148. Cambridge University Press. Cooperation and Conflict, 32(1), 528. It is concluded that the first, the second, and the fourth hypotheses are proven, the third is only partly proven. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066108097553, Mearsheimer J (1994/1995) The false promise of international institutions. Securitization and desecuritization. Routledge. Outlines the conceptual framework of securitization theory, and points out some limits of the approach by arguing that its definition of securitization is too narrowly conceived. Leadership Personality Characteristics and Foreign Policy, Lean Forward and Pull Back Options for US Grand Strategy, Mediation via International Organizations, National Liberation, International Law and Wars of. Buzan, B. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(12), 19581977. In the Copenhagen School approach, the locutionary and illocutionary aspects of speech acts are supposed to create a rupture in the common understanding of an issue and propose its introduction into the framework of security (Vuori, 2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12070, Armillei, R. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_359-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_359-1, eBook Packages: Springer Reference Political Science & International StudiesReference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_359-1, Springer Reference Political Science & International Studies, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/162/27553.html, http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/Report_CRN_Stockholm.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438, Skleparis, D. (2016). In M. D. Cavelty & V. Maurer (Eds. The analysis concludes that IS threatens Iran's security by increasing the possibility of Kurdish sectarianism, widening the Shi'ite-Sunni gap, creating economic threats, decreasing Iran's influence in Syria, and challenging its power in the region. In some ways, securitisation may be obstructive to developing creative policy solutions, limiting the political space required to thinking through often complex issues and instead introducing an unhelpful degree of enmity and urgency (Peoples & Vaughan-Williams, 2015, p. 100). Williams 2003 is a critical appraisal of securitization theory and its relevance for the study of international relations and security. Therefore the RSCT-model is used as a theoretical as well as a methodological tool which incorporates both ideational and structural levels of analysis providing a comprehensive view of threat perceptions and opportunities of cooperation. Press, Paul Chapman Publishing, Pine Forge Press, SAGE Reference, SAGE Science and Scolari (US and Europe websites) imprints. Regional security complexes (RSC) are defined as distinct and stable patterns of security interaction between actors. To further specify the object of security, it may be necessary not simply to point to the actual entity in need of security, but to also identify the endangered values that this particular entity contains or represents. Public Affairs, New York, Parfitt T (2007) Russia plants flag on North Pole seabed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Peoples, C., & Vaughan-Williams, N. (2015). Security and immigration: Toward a critique of the governmentality of unease. collective (2006) Critical Approaches to Security in Europe: A Networked Manifesto, Security Dialogue, 37(4), p.443-487, THE ROLE OF CONTEXT IN SECURITIZATION THEORY: HOLODOMOR DISCOURSE AND SOCIETAL SECURITY IN UKRAINE, Securitising Threats without the State: A case study of misgovernance as a security threat in Bangladesh, Securitization of Migration and Its Relevance with the Realist Stance on Morality: The European Union (EU) Case During 1990s, Securing the Arctic: A study of securitization as a cause for state armament in the Arctic region, Toward a postcolonial securities critique of higher education leadership: globalization as a recolonization in developing countries like the UAE, Re-examining security dynamics: Proliferating 'new threats' as catalysts for interstate cooperation in Europe (Journal of Human Security), Securitizing Terror: Ontological Security and the U.S. This rather ambiguous conceptualisation has generated some confusion in the securitisation literature, resulting in vigorous discussion on the criteria of identification of relevant audience(s) (Salter, 2008b; Vaughn, 2009), its interaction with powerful actors (Ct, 2016) and modes of acceptance of security narratives and measures (Buraczyski, 2015; Stritzel & Chang, 2015). Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics. Huysmans 1998 is an early review of the concept and remains one of the most useful texts to understand how securitization theory was part of the larger body of work done by researchers at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In O. Waever, B. Buzan, M. Kelstrup and P. Lemaitre (Eds. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010607075964, Williams, M. C. (2003). This text provides an introduction to Security Studies, the sub-discipline of International Relations that deals with the study of security. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Academic Theories of International Relations Since 1945, Armed Conflicts/Violence against Civilians Data Sets, Audience Costs and the Credibility of Commitments, Brazilian Foreign Policy, The Politics of, Case Study Methods in International Relations, Comparative Foreign Policy Security Interests, Complex Systems Approaches to Global Politics, Conflict Behavior and the Prevention of War, Contemporary ShiaSunni Sectarian Violence, Critical Theory of International Relations, Epidemic Diseases and their Effects on History, Ethics and Morality in International Relations, European Security and Defense Policy, The, European Union, International Relations of the, Feminist Methodologies in International Relations. Outlines the concept of securitization as a speech act that follows a specific grammar and rhetorical structure. Alternatives, 27(1), 6392. Routledge. The main line of argument is the extent of power that should be identified with audience. - A constructivist re-reading of security in less democratic developing Asian states, Estonias comprehensive approach to national defence origins and dilemmas, You Say Security, We Say Safety: Speaking and Talking Security in Kyrgyzstan, Securitization Revised: Power Estimation Model of Actors (), The management of Russia as a military threat in Norwegian Foreign and Security Policy: A desecuritization case study, Chinese Securitisation: Broadening the Scope of Securitisation Studies with Three Case Studies in the Context of the Peoples Republic of China, Words, Images, Enemies: Macro-Securitization of the Islamic Terror, Popular TV Drama and the War on Terror. Security Dialogue provides an outlet for new approaches and methodologies from disciplines such as international studies, gender studies, political sociology, political economy, geography, cultural studies, political theory, anthropology, development studies, postcolonial studies, and peace and conflict studies. Secur Dialog 32(3):355368, Kostura A, Biette D (2010) Trilateral Security Cooperation in North America. illocution); secondly, the power of the figure that engages in performing the speech act (i.e. Aberystwyth, Paris, Copenhagen new schools in security theory and their origins between core and periphery. As Stritzel puts it: the more emphasis is put on the notion of illocution, the less important the concept of audience seems to become, as the modus of security could be thought of as being constituted by the illocutionary utterance itself (Stritzel, 2011, p. 349). Insecurity and identity unlimited (Working paper no. Human security. 689691). Buzan connected this concept to regional security complex theory. New York: St. Martins Press. My source base includes the rhetoric of nationalist political parties such as Direction-SD (Smer-SD), Slovak National Party (Slovensk nrodn strana), We Are Family-Boris Kollr (Sme Rodina- Boris Kollr), and Kotleba-People Party Our Slovakia (Kotleba-udov strana Nae Slovensko), all of which often apply anti-Muslim and anti-Islam rhetoric. RSCs are conceptually distinct from "regions". Ashgate. Accessed 16 Dec 2017, RT (2013) Mexico and Canada declared part of US homeland by Senate maps. The concept of securitization is currently still most fully developed in Security: A New Framework for . Queen Elizabeth House: University of Oxford. In this regard, Floyd goes as far as proposing that, if the context allows it, a researcher should consider removing the concept of audience from his/her securitisation framework and focus on exploration of different types of securitising actors (Floyd, 2016). European Journal of International Relations, 14(1), 6599. August 24. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/when-mexicans-crossed-our-border-to-feed-our-hungry/2015/08/28/347342e4-4cee-11e5-84-df923b3ef1a64b_story.html?utm_term=.dd34cf9500a0. NATO, Europe, and Russia: Security Issues and the Border R Natural Resources, Energy Politics, and Environmental Cons New Multilateralism in the Early 21st Century, Nonproliferation and Counterproliferation, Normative Aspects of International Peacekeeping, Normative Power Beyond the Eurocentric Frame, Political Extremism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Illocutionary logic and strands of securitization: Applying the theory of securitization to the study of non-democratic political orders. In R. D. Lipschutz (Ed. locution) and the conventionalised script which the speaker has to follow in order to infuse the utterances with performative power (i.e. political, technocratic, scientific) and that they vary in degree of power, agency and tools that allow them to engage powerful actors and influence the process (2008b). https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010611418998, Stritzel, H. (2012). The rule of exceptionality has been widely contested in the securitisation literature, generating substantial criticisms on three interrelated grounds. More recent overviews include Emmers 2007, which provides an undergraduate-level introduction to the key contributions and limitations of securitization theory. International Norms for Cultural Preservation and Cooperat International Relations, Aesthetic Turn in, International Relations as a Social Science, International Relations, Practice Turn in, International Relations, Research Ethics in, International Support For Nonstate Armed Groups. Cato Institute. It is the audiences acceptance that ultimately empowers securitising moves, turning them into an inter-subjectively constructed threat (Ct, 2016). An overview of the history of cybersecurity and its early securitization process by the USA and Russia is presented, and the focus will shift to the present strategic approaches and responses. Abingdon, UK, and New York: Routledge, 2010. Subsequently, I focus on a key element of this theory that is linked to the speech act. Canvasing exclusive knowledge from, The global geopolitical transformations that have occurred in last years have raised questions about various nonmilitary concerns as a result of changes in the global order based solely on the, IntroductionThe geo strategic position of Pakistan, coupled with its inherent hostility with India has been instrumental in shaping the trajectory of its political moves in the global politics. It the later iteration of the theory, Buzan and Wver (1997) put a stronger emphasis on the rhetorical structure of speech acts, underlining the importance of raising the securitised issue above the threshold of so-called normal politics. In the next part of this chapter, I will discuss these elements of the theory, focusing on their unique features, functions as well as critique within a broader securitisation literature. Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Cammett M (2006) Habitat for Hezbollah. This approach contrasts with Barry Buzan's contention that "security cannot be isolated for treatment at any single level". On one hand, some scholars focus on elites and their political discourses revolving around fear, exceptional understanding of security and different forms of extraordinary measures and policies proposed in political debates (Armillei, 2017; Ceyhan & Tsoukala, 2002). This is in opposition to a view predominant during the Cold War that sees security politics as largely a reflection of global great power interests. Accessed 10 Dec 2017, Keohane RO, Nye JS Jr (1977) Power and interdependence: world politics in transition. This paper has two main goals. Blairs Africa: The politics of securitization and fear. In this regard, Buzan and Wver point towards broadly understood political elites, governmental agencies, bureaucrats, and pressure groups, that hold a special position in defining and implementing security (Wver, 1995b, pp. IMISCOE Research Series. New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4167311. ), Europes 21st century challenge: Delivering liberty (pp. War and the threat to use force are part of the . The level of interaction between members of the same RSC is high, while between members of different RSCs it is comparatively low. By arguing that successful securitisation moves an issue outside normal democratic politics, the Copenhagen School unnecessarily restricts itself to domestic norms and democratic governments, limiting the applicability of the theory within non-state, non-democratic and international contexts (Stritzel, 2011; Wilkinson, 2007). ), Security studies: An introduction (pp. Journal of International Relations and Development, 9(1), 5361. McGraw Hill, Boston, Watson A (1992) The evolution of international society: a comparative historical analysis. Review of International Studies, 33(2), 327350. 105). Securitization. This paper focuses on the migration crisis from the perspective of Slovakia while examining the impact of the crisis on the last parliamentary elections in 2016. This article aims to investigate the conceptual and scientific demarcation of security in contrast to safety, and discuss the status of security as an independent science. Edited by Alan Collins, 109125. (2006). The theory maintains that the realist view of security where it is seen as a derivative of power reduces the complex nature of security to a mere synonym for power (Buzan, 1991). Buzan connected this concept to regional security complex theory. Roe, P. (2005). In this regard, exceptional securitisation ignores a whole plethora of security practices and discourses that operate below the threshold of exceptionality, but still remain in the realm of security (Lund Petersen, 2012; Rasmussen, 2006). 1998. Originally devised by Ole Wver, the concept of securitization provided a fresh take on the increasingly tiresome debate between those who claimed that threats are objective (i.e., what really constitutes a threat to international security) on the one hand, and those that maintained that security is subjective (what is perceived to be a threat) on the other.
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