McGuine T.A., Biese M.K.M., Petrovska B.L., Hetzel M.S.J., Reardon C., Kliethermes S., Bell D.R., Brooks A., Watson A.M. June 28, 2023, 11:23 a.m. The frequency table of major choices and undecided majors is provided in Table 2. Participants A total of n=1852 athletes from various sport backgrounds and levels of competition . The Health of Us Adolescent Athletes During Covid-19 Related School Closures And Sport Cancellations. The NCAA also requires student-athletes to make meaningful progress towards degree completion during each year of eligibility (NCAA, 2016), making it difficult for student-athletes to maintain an undeclared major going into their third year of eligibility. Identity can exist as role-based self-conceptions with perceived expectations related to the performance of a social role [3], such as an athlete accepting a role attributed from a coach, team or audience. We use three measuring instruments, AIMS-plus, for athletic identity, the NEO-FFI-20 for 5 personality traits and a questionnaire to collect sociodemographic data of athletes built for this. Jayakumar UM, Comeaux E. The cultural cover-up of college athletics: How organizational culture perpetuates an unrealistic and idealized balancing act. AIMS scores were higher in those who participated in more hours of sport per week as well as those who preferred to spend more time in sport each week. The .gov means its official. Athletic identity in marathon runners: Functional focus or dysfunctional commitment? Concerns have been raised about student-athletes choosing their major not based on their career goals, but to accommodate around their athletic schedule (12, 36). Both studies were rated as fair quality. Mental Well-Being and Sport-Related Identities in College Students. Somewhat agree; 5. Athletic identity, descriptive norms, and drinking among athletes transitioning to college. Brewers research also found that those who favor an athletic component of self-concept are more likely to be physically active than those who do not [9,11]. Gender, ethnicity and SES all significantly influenced AI responses. Athlete satisfaction negatively correlated with stress and burnout. Sports and Fitness, University of Central Florida, 2005 Anderson C.B., Msse L.C., Zhang H., Coleman K.J., Chang S. Ethnic, Gender, and BMI Differences in Athletic Identity in Children and Adolescents. For each study, the following data was extracted: study design, participants characteristics and outcomes of interest. There were insufficient studies to be able to make clear associations but there was some cross-study evidence that in adolescence, the transition to an initial higher level of play can also be correlated with a stronger sense of athletic identity [32,34]. Athletic identity (AI), the degree of personal connection to sport, is well-described in adult research; however, this social trait has been less studied in younger age groups. Zhou J., Heim D., Levy A. Social identity theory proposes that identities are manifestations of a persons identification with a particular group or social category, such as a sport team. Strongly agree. Additionally, NSSE provides a codebook, showing which majors were designated within each major category (33). in Communications, Wake Forest University, 1994 M.A. Schneider RG, Ross SR, Fisher M. Academic clustering and major selection of intercollegiate student-athletes. Athletic identity . Athletic identity and different sport aspects Athletic identity is defined as "the degree to which an individual identifies with the athlete role" ( Brewer et al., 1993, p. 237). Student-athletes who possessed a strong athletic identity were more likely to develop depressive moods if their athletic career ended, but also lacked the necessary preparation to explore career opportunities (27). Koba M. Spending Big on Kids Sports? The AIMS has been validated using youth student samples and has been shown to have robust test-retest reliability and internal consistency ([9,11], Appendix B). Undecided students are also more likely to portray pessimism for their career outlook and lower self-efficacy for decision-making ability for their career choices (6). Changing identity through sport: The Paralympic sport club experience among adolescents with mobility impairments. Google Scholar). 2, 3 As a cognitive schema, AI is the means by which individuals interpret . An additional negative impact of robust athletic identity includes use of performance-enhancing strategies. To code these majors, the researchers utilized results NSSE (32). A Theoretical Analysis of Academic and Athletic Roles. The mean social identity within AIMS was found to be significantly different in those athletes in their first year of apprenticeship as compared to those in the second year. By better understanding this connection, athletic departments can 1) better prepare their student-athletes to understand the career outlook of their academic major, 2) assist student-athletes who have interests with majors that have a higher degree of rigor through tutoring, and 3) closer monitoring of major selection and academic advisement to better gauge the reasoning behind academic clustering. Athletic identity: Hercules muscles or Achilles heel? In our body of studies, no two studies addressed the same research question, thus weakening any potential examination of associations. Mental health-focused studies revealed higher AI levels protect against burnout, but in injured athletes, increased depression risk. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion and consensus. If a study appeared to meet eligibility criteria or if there was a question of its relevance, full texts were screened and assessed. As such, one of the trends to follow suit has been the rise in both prevalence and socially-driven promotion of youth sport specialization. The present study incorporates tenets of identity theory and self-determination theory to investigate the relationships among identity, motivation, and physical activity in former college athletes. Recent trends in youth athletics have led to an increased emphasis on sport. The search strategy was developed for each database using the Boolean method and used a combination of MeSH terms and free text, which was performed by an evidence-based librarian in October 2019. 1 As a social role, AI develops as a response to group affiliations and social interactions. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Academic majors of upperclassmen football players in the Atlantic Coast Conference: An analysis of academic clustering comparing white and minority players. Athletic identity is about how closely a person's sense of self is linked to their sport. ET. This funneling into specified academic programs not only limited the academic development of student-athletes, but the overall identity development of student-athletes is affected. Within this decision, choosing athletics over academics means the student-athletes is risking their career satisfaction and future earning potential (17, 39). The engine just started coughing!Limits of physical performance, aging and career continuity in elite endurance sports. I can perform well in at least one type of physical activity. Average scores separated by gender and intervention, School sports participation intervention, student. This questionnaire originally consisted of 10 items where possible responses range on a 7-point Likert scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree, with higher numerical scores equating to a greater link of self to sport. Brewer B.W., Cornelius A.E., Stephan Y., Van Raalte J. Self-protective changes in athletic identity following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. I need to participate in sport to feel good about myself. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. This systematic review describes epidemiological characteristics of AI in youth athletes. Analyzing data from 175 NCAA student athletes, results . Beron KJ, Piquero AR. An example of the full search strategy is reported in Appendix A. These researchers suggested that athletic identity functions as a cognitive structure and as a social role, stemming both from individual emotional connection and from feedback from others, such as teammates, coaches, parents and spectators. Reconceptualized Athlete Identity Measurement Scale Items. For example, Division I male and female athletes graduation percentages were 56% and 71%, respectively (9). Prevalence and correlates of disordered eating in female figure skaters. The original AIMS scale is a unidimensional, 10-item scale. This validated 21-item measure assesses four dimensions of self-knowledge for the concept of athletic identity to include Appearance, the Importance of exercise/sport/physical activity to the self, perceived Competence and Encouragement from others in participating in activities ([12], Appendix C). Athletic identity was initially conceptualized as a unidimensional construct but eventually transformed to be re-conceptualized into a seven-item questionnaire that consists of three dimensions: social identity, exclusivity and negative affectivity [9]. The psychologist William James considered the concept of self as a primary element of human thoughts, feelings and actions [1]. Objectives To conduct a scoping review that (1) describes what is known about the relationship between athletic identity and sport-related injury outcomes and (2) describes the relationship that an injury (as an exposure) has on athletic identity (as an outcome) in athletes. AI/exclusivity scores were positively correlated with higher depressive symptoms after controlling for injury severity and gender. Sport psychology research on athletic identity began in earnest in the 1990s and Britton Brewer was one of the first researchers to propose the concept of an athletic identity and systematically study this area of interest. Several studies have found that student-athlete athletic identity is more important to their global identity than academic . National Library of Medicine Total score at age 10: 34.67; at age 15: 37.82; at age current age: 37.41. Brewer B.W., Van Raalte J.L., Linder D.E. We limited this review by age and there were some publications that included cohorts including the relevant topic but lacked median/mean athlete identity outcome scores, did not report ages of participants or the mean age of participants were outside of the range. 1316 June 1991. This organically leads to displaying preference to that group as identity affirmation and inclusion is sought. FOIA Another rating scale implemented by the NCAA is the Graduation Success Rate (GSR), which provides statistical data related to student-athletes earning degrees (30). Because athletics and academics are two prominent and dominant domains in the lives of student-athletes ( Yukhymenko-Lescroart, 2014, 2018, 2021 ), it is likely that motivation of student-athletes in the two domains is interrelated. Id rather spend time playing sports or being active than sitting around or watching TV. The revised version of AIMS allows the researchers to compute composite scores of each dimension (social identity, negative affectivity, and exclusivity). Answer (1 of 3): Sports is very much engrained in the psyche of America. Also, the researchers depended on student-athletes self-reporting their athletic identity and declared major, leading to potential response bias concerns. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. For example, does an athletes identity shift within their participation on a particular team, level of competition or when considering retirement from a sport? The researchers used the original 10-item AIMS tool and found that those youth with higher athletic identity/exclusivity scores had higher Beck Depression Scale scores during their injury after controlling for injury severity and gender. The target population was chosen because of their unique experience of participating in elite level sport and being required to participate in college courses. Given that this study used clearly defined, current, and clearly differentiated sport participation levels, it appears that an individual's identification with the athletic role becomes more salient with their level of sport participation. Athletic identity, or the degree with which individuals identify with the athlete role, is an important rehabilitation factor for sports care providers to consider; however, it lacks extensive study in youth. Assessing the difficulty of academic majors can be challenging, as majors can fluctuate on their academic rigor from different universities, program accreditation, and even faculty within the program. Manuel J.C., Shilt J.S., Curl W.W., Smith J.A., Durant R.H., Lester L., Sinal S.H. In addition, long-term outcomes of such research are also critical to explore, thus pointing to the need for more longitudinal research in this field. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Lawrence SM, Harrison CK, Stone J. Source: Anderson, C.B., L. Masse, C. Hergenroeder and C. Albert. Anderson C.B., Coleman K.J. With student-athletes and athletic departments under pressure to maintain high APR and GSR rates, it has led to unintended consequences on the student-athlete academic experience. ; coordination of literature search with evidence-based librarian, K.H.R. Nevertheless, the data seems to support a theory that youth adopt a stronger sense of identity as an athlete during their adolescent development years as compared to later in their training or participation. Athletic identity, intercollegiate athletics, higher education, academic clustering. Mean 10.1 years (Grades 4 & 5); 13.7 years (Grades 7 & 8), Subscales used separated by ethnicity Appearance; Competence; Importance; Encouragement from parents; Encouragement from friends; Encouragement from teachers. Even with the academic front being secured, the career component of academic clustering has not been fully addressed. For H2, it is a slight extension to the first hypothesis, but instead focusing on only student-athletes who have a declared major of undecided or undeclared. The drive to play, compete, strengthen oneself and win can influence these athletes to engage in the aforementioned behaviors, despite knowing risks. Brewer, A.E. By overemphasizing the role of being an athlete, student-athlete unknowingly create a psychosocial divide between their academic and athletic identities. Title Screen, Abstract Screen, Full-Text Screens. Norms and factorial invariance of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale. A day in the life of a male college athlete: A public perception and qualitative campus investigation. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In this study, athletic self-identity refers to the extent that a student athlete identifies with an athletic role. Social identity represents the extent to which individuals view themselves as occupying an athlete role, exclusivity represents the extent to which an individuals identity and self-worth are determined solely by the performance in the corresponding athlete role and negative affectivity represents the extent to which an individual experiences negative affect in response to undesirable outcomes within an athletic role and space [10]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Athlete burnout is a maladaptive psychosocial experience which is commonly described as a proximal correlate of athlete ill-being (e.g., Amorose, Anderson-Butcher, & Cooper, 2009; Ntoumanis, Taylor, & Thgersen-Ntoumani, 2012 ). The Athlete Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) was designed to evaluate the saliency of athletic identity to ones core being (4, 5). The lowest self-ratings across these three subgroups were in non-Hispanic black boys and Hispanic girls. In Andersons study of general elementary and middle school students (did not specifically limit/focus on athletes), gender, ethnicity and socio-economic status were all found to significantly influence views of physical activity and athletic identity responses. Athletic identity positively correlated to seven-day physical activity levels and sports team participation in both elementary school and middle school students [33]. If so, is there a possible way to allow student-athletes to pursue academic majors of their choice, while also providing the necessary resources to ensure that all NCAA requirements are being met?